DIAGNOSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSYSTEMS USING THE PHOTOVOLTAIC METHOD

The diagnostic method is as follows: the lateral photo-EMF spectral characteristics are measured, generated in the structure (or device) when illuminated by wavelength light with a near the edge of the basic semiconductor layer. For illustrations of efficiency method the given part of the measurement results for Schottky contact samples with a nitrogen concentration of 5% and a thermal annealing temperature of 900 and 950°C. It has been found that a significant character and a small amplitude of such a characteristic indicates qualitative at a homogeneity and the necessary magnitude of the potential barrier (or barriers), that it is necessary to form to make Schottky contact or other structure. A significant characteristic and a small amplitude of such a characteristic indicates a qualitative one-line and the required value of a potential barrier (or barriers) that must be formed for the manufacture of a semiconductor structure or device. If the spectral characteristic has one maximum and amplitude that is many times higher than the amplitude of a significant characteristic, then this indicates a formed transition layer between components of heterosystems with high, compared with a quasine-power region of semiconductor, conductivity. The presence of such a layer increases the probability breaks down of the microelectronic device. Investigation of the distribution of lateral photours along the metal semiconductor interface compliant interpretation of spectral characteristics features. The linear significant form of distribution of EMF confirms the presence of a transition layer with a lower doping level compared with GaAs. An important feature of the diagnostic method is its non-destructive character, as well as the possibility of applying to semiconductor or devices based on them, in which the photovoltaic effect may occur.

FEATURES STUDIES OF TRANSITION LAYERS IN SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSYSTEMS

Studies of spectral characteristics in Schottky's contact specimens showed that photemf generated by mono­chromatic light, according to the formation mechanism, has a predominantly lateral nature, that is, in a hetero­system there are at least two areas separated by a potential barrier along the interface, with different conductivity levels. The feature of the photoemf spectral characteristics is a variations its appearance when changing the thermal annealing temperature of the studied heterosystems. A significant characteristic and a small amplitude of the characteristic indicates the formation of a transition layer, relatively homogeneous and with insignificant, compared with the volume of GaAs, the doping concentration. If the spectral characteristic has one maximum and amplitude, which several times exceeds the amplitude of a significant characteristic, which means the formation of a transition layer in the Schottky contact depletion area with high conductivity, compared with a quasine-neutral region of a semiconductor. The distribution of lateral photoemf along the sample also has a significant character. In order to obtain the correct results relative to the heterosystem transition layer, it is necessary to measure spectral acute characteristics at a distance from the point change sign of the emf that several times the diffusion length of non-equilibrium charge carriers in GaAs. The problem of the formation of a metal-semiconductor contact and other heterosystems accompanied by the occurrence of heterogeneous transition layers, always paid attention. The use of the proposed photovoltaic method allows to establish the degree of homogeneity of semiconductor layers, components of the structure and predict the redistribution of current density flowing through the physical scope of the device.

The Import of Southern Criminology

Southern Criminology is a post-colonial movement of knowledge production that has political, empirical and theoretical facades. This article argues that the most significant characteristic of Southern Criminology is the highlighting of the everlasting criminogenic effects of colonialism. It challenges the suggestion made by Roger Matthews, in his paper “False starts, wrong turns and dead ends: Reflections of recent developments in Criminology,” that the greatest import of such a movement is the defiance of universalism of the theories of the Global North. It does so by examining the concepts of Southern Criminology, the risks of recognising the defiance of universalism as its main output and the potentialities of recognising its post-colonial characteristics for the advancement of theoretical criminology both in the Global South and the Global North.

Pedagogical conditions for the formation of professional competencies among students of higher educational institutions

The article deals with topical issues of solving problems to improve the training of students in higher educational institutions. The pedagogical conditions for the formation of professional competence of students of higher educational institutions are studied, the concept of "professional competence" is revealed, its essence, structure is considered, and its content is determined. The system of professional competence formation among students of higher educational institutions is presented and its elements are characterized. This article defines the relevance of the task of improving the training of students of higher educational institutions and the formation of professional activity of a specialist at the present stage of the development of the education system. The concept of professional competence as an integral professionally significant characteristic of a specialist's personality is clarified. Professional competencies that make up the structure of pedagogical competence are defined and classified into groups in accordance with the main areas of work with personnel. The essence of the process of forming professional competence as a pedagogical system is revealed and the main elements of this system are characterized.

(Re)Searching the Morlachs and the Uskoks: The Challenges of Writing about Marginal People from the Border Region of Dalmatia (Sixteenth Century)

This paper aims to present various types of documents referring directly or indirectly to the Morlachs and the Uskoks, in order to answer to questions such as which main activities these people developed, and how they influenced daily life in Dalmatia. A significant characteristic and paradox of both the Morlachs and Uskoks is that their names are conventions and denominations found mostly in external sources. Frequently mentioned in sixteenth-century Venetian documents, despite the little additional information provided, the archival material investigated nevertheless offers the opportunity to understand these very active, mobile and adaptable populations, especially with regard to their role as cross-cultural and transimperial subjects.

O. Mandelstam’s poem “Save my speech forever…”: to the interpretation of “dark” places

The dark places of O. Mandelstam’s poem “Save my speech forever…” are considered, and explanatory solutions and comments are offered for each case. The existing interpretations in the scientific literature are critically analyzed, in particular: the presence of a figurative leitmotif in the poem (the article argues for the absence of such a leitmotif); the version supported by a number of experts about the poet’s readiness to make a deal with the authorities expressed in this text (arguments are given in favor of the fact that this version is based on allegoresis that is not quite acceptable for this particular case; hypostasis of the poetic image). The functional basis of the focusing on speech obscuration, which is considered a significant characteristic of the poetics of the late Mandelstam, is clarified, and the origins of the internal form of the term Heraclitus’ metaphor introduced by the poet are revealed.

INTEGRAL ASPECTS OF HARMONIC HEARING IN THE PROCESS OF SIGHT-SINGING

Harmonic hearing is a significant characteristic for professional musicians, hence its development is one of the most important tasks in musical training, precisely in teaching solfeggio. The paper debates the basic hypothesis that at an academic age, the level of development of harmonic hearing with the students of music is significantly correlated with the success in sight-singing. The research was realised on the sample of the students at the Faculty of Arts in Niš (N = 42). The data were collected by questionnaires and examination, whereby the grades in the level of harmonic hearing and sight-singing were awarded. The results show significant positive correlation between the grades (r = .37, p ˂ .05), which confirms the basic hypothesis. The paper additionally considers the elements which can formally and informally influence the development of harmonic hearing and examines the importance of various aspects of an analysis of sigh-singing melodic exercises. To sum up, we pointed to the necessity for applying integral aspects of harmonic hearing in sight-singing and developing skills and competences for participation in various music activities.

Content Validation through Expert Judgement of an Instrument on the Nutritional Knowledge, Beliefs, and Habits of Pregnant Women

The aim of this study was to conduct content validation through expert judgement of an instrument which explores the nutritional knowledge, beliefs, and habits during pregnancy. This is a psychometric study in which 14 experts participated in the evaluation of each of the questionnaire items, which were divided into two blocks according to the characteristics of sufficiency, clarity, coherence, and relevance. Fleiss’ κ statistic was used to measure strength of agreement. A pre-test with 102 participants was conducted to measure the degree of understandability of the instrument. The strength of agreement obtained for each of the dimensions was almost perfect. For each pair of experts, strength of agreement ranged between substantial and almost perfect. Sufficiency was the characteristic of the questionnaire that obtained the highest values in the two blocks, and was also the most statistically significant (p < 0.001). Coherence was the most statistically significant characteristic in the first block (p = 0.030). Clarity was the most statistically significant characteristic in the second block (p = 0.037). The wording of five of the twenty original items was corrected. The new version of the instrument attained a high degree of understandability. The results suggest that the instrument is valid and may therefore be applied.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN GEODESIC METHODS FOR OBSERVING THE DEFORMATION AND LANDSCAPE PROCESSES

Деформация - это самая значимая характеристика вязко-упруго-пластических сред, которая подлежит контролю. Для организации такого контроля применяются высокоточные геодезические методы и средства измерений, которые находят свое применение в мониторинге деформаций зданий и иных инфраструктурных объектов. Таким образом, отслеживание различных воздействий на внешние нагрузки и деформаций играет ключевую роль в плане поддержания функционирования обозначенных объектов. В настоящей статье сделан обзор современных методов и приборов, которые используются с целью определения количественных характеристик деформаций. Благодаря разработке новейших приборов с современным программным обеспечением и появлению роботизированных станций, которые дают возможность без непосредственного участия человека выполнять измерения, работа инженеров становится более эффективной. Кроме того, в статье представлены базовые принципы геодезического мониторинга зданий и иных инфраструктурных объектов. Deformation is the most significant characteristic of visco-elastic-plastic media that is subject to control. For the organization of such control, high-precision geodetic methods and measurement tools are used, which are used in monitoring deformations of buildings and other infrastructure objects. Thus, tracking various impacts on external loads and deformations plays a key role in maintaining the functioning of designated objects. This article provides an overview of modern methods and devices that are used to determine the quantitative characteristics of deformations. Thanks to the development of the latest devices with modern software and the emergence of robotic stations that make it possible to perform measurements without direct human involvement, the work of engineers becomes more efficient. In addition, the article presents the basic principles of geodetic monitoring of buildings and other infrastructure objects.

Writing with Music: Self-Reflexivity in the Screenplays of Walter Reisch

Self-reflexivity is a significant characteristic of Austro-German cinema during the early sound film period, particular in films that revolve around musical topics. Many examples of self-reflexive cinematic instances are connected to music in one way or another. The various ways in which music is integrated in films can produce instances of intertextuality, inter- and transmediality, and self-referentiality. However, instead of relying solely on the analysis of the films in order to interrogate the conception of such scenes, this article examines several screenplays. They include musical instructions and motivations for diegetic musical performances. However, not only music itself, but also music as a subject matter can be found in these screenplays, as part of the dialogue or instructions for the mis-en-scène. The work of Austrian screenwriter and director Walter Reisch (1903–1983) will serve as a case study to discuss various forms of self-reflexivity in the context of genre studies, screenwriting studies and the early sound film. Different forms and categories of self-referential uses of music in Reisch’s work will be examined and contextualized within early sound cinema in Austria and Germany in the 1930s. The results of this investigation suggest that Reisch’s early screenplays demonstrate that the amount of self-reflexivity in early Austro-German music films is closely connected to music. Self-referential devices were closely connected to generic conventions during the formative years and particularly highlight characteristics of Reisch’s writing style. The relatively early emergence of self-reflexive and “self-conscious” moments of music in film already during the silent period provides a perfect starting point to advance discussions about the musical discourse in film, as well as the role and functions of screenplays and screenwriters in this context.