Tramelling The Illegal Wildlife Trading: A Comparative Legislative Analysis of China and India

Illegal wildlife trade is one of the major transnational crimes. Transnational Crime, by its very nature, is problematic as it surpasses national jurisdictions, as well as the parameters of information systems and law enforcement agencies. Illegal wildlife trade networks increasingly operate like global multinational businesses, connecting local markets to the global markets through complex and interlinked networks.Against this background, CITES was entered into, multinational environmental agreement to which 183 nations are parties to it and India, being a member of CITES, in compliance with the guidelines, has enacted an umbrella of 8 legislation for the protection of wildlife in India. But despite this austere legislation, India is progressively becoming a hub of illegal wildlife trade.The illegal laundering of wild-caught animals via legal pathways is subject to increased scrutiny. It appears that illegal wildlife traders are rampantly using other covert methods to smuggle these animals into the territories of target consumer countries, such as China. Once they enter into the jurisdiction of destination countries that permit legal trade in this species, it becomes arduous for the relevant enforcement agencies to distinguish between the wild-caught and captive-bred animals.The author undertakes to carry out a comparative analysis of the existing legislation of China concerning India to understand whether the legislation is robust enough for the protection of the wildlife and how the enforcement mechanism can be strengthened for the advancement of the endangered species.

Why Localization Is Necessary as a Business Strategy in Emerging Markets: The Case Comparison of Hyundai and Volkswagen

Localization, the process of establishing the most adequate system in the target market according to the given environment to produce the most viable product in the market, can help multinational enterprises (MNE) to better understand the market, and take the most appropriate actions needed. Business strategies in emerging markets must account for the environment’s distinctive characteristics because emerging markets are characterized by underdeveloped institutions, also known as institutional voids. What would be the best strategy to respond to these voids? The primary focus of this article is to investigate how multinational businesses deal with the institutional voids of emerging markets such as the Indian automobile market, and how the different strategies affect the players’ performances. By comparing Hyundai Motors Company and Volkswagen Auto Group’s different strategical approaches, this research demonstrates that better creation of a local value chain and ecosystem leads to better performance in emerging markets. Survival within emerging markets requires thorough market analysis in an institutional context, and rapid response to environmental shifts resulting from institutional voids. Localization can help in both aspects.

A machine learning-based methodology for computational aeroacoustics predictions of multi-propeller drones

The rapid progress in technological developments of small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) or simply "drones" has produced a significant proliferation of this technology. From multinational businesses to drone enthusiasts, such a technology can offer a wide range of possibilities, i.e., commercial services, security, and environmental applications, while placing new demands in the already-congested civil airspace. Noise emission is a key factor that is being addressed with high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and aeroacoustics (CAA) techniques. However, due to uncertainties of flow conditions, wide ranges of propellers' speed variations, and different payload requirements, a complete numerical prediction varying such parameters is unfeasible. In this study, a machine learning-based approach is proposed in combination with high-fidelity CFD and CAA techniques to predict drone noise emission given a wide variation of payloads or propellers' speeds. The transient CFD computations are calculated using a time-marching LES simulation with a WALE sub-grid scale. In contrast, the acoustic propagation is predicted using a finite element method in the frequency domain. Finally, the machine learning strategy is presented in the context of fulfilling two goals: (i) real-time noise prediction of drone systems; and (ii) determination of propeller's rotation speeds leading to a noise prediction matching experimental data.

The Multinational Corporation

A multinational corporation is a multiple unit business enterprise, vertically managed, that operates in various countries, called host economies. Operations beyond national borders are controlled and managed from one location or headquarters, called the home economy. The units or business activities such as manufacturing, distribution, and marketing are, in the modern multinational as opposed to other forms of international business, all structured under a single organization. The location of the headquarters of the multinational corporation, where the business is registered, defines the “nationality” of the company. While United Kingdom held ownership of over half of the world’s foreign direct investment (FDI), defined not as acquisition but as a managed, controlled investment that an organization does beyond its national border, at the beginning of the 20th century, the United States grew to first place throughout the 20th century—in 2002, 22 percent of the world’s FDI came from the United States, which was also home to ten of the fifty largest corporations in the world. The US-based, large, modern corporation, operated by salaried managers with branches and operations in many nations, emerged in the mid-19th century and has since been a key player and driver in both economic and cultural globalization. The development of corporate capitalism in the United States is closely related with the growth of US-driven business abroad and has unique features that place the US multinational model apart from other business organizations operating internationally such as family multinational businesses which are more common in Europe and Latin America. The range and diversity of US-headquartered multinationals changed over time as well, and different countries and cultures made the nature of managing business overseas more complex. Asia came strong into the picture in the last third of the 20th century as regulations and deindustrialization grew in Europe. Global expansion also meant that societies around the world were connecting transnationally through new channels. Consumers and producers globally are also part of the history of multinational corporations—cultural values, socially constructed perceptions of gender and race, different understandings of work, and the everyday lives and experiences of peoples worldwide are integral to the operations and forms of multinationals.

The Economic Impact of Globalization and Internationalization on Minority Immigrant Graduates

Globalization facilitates organizational expansion overseas and global workforce challenges. The key may be to understand which labor force characteristics increase economic efficiency. In turn, higher education institutions may need to incorporate industry's need for international interaction into strategic visions. Evidence-based research was conducted using Queens College, the City University of New York, as a case study to understand how internationalization of higher education enhanced economic success of minority immigrant graduates in the United States who were employed across industries. Primary sources included a survey of 524 alumni and group discussions with diverse undergraduates. The results discovered that the employment status and wage, of minority immigrant graduates, were positively impacted when they were exposed to globalized curriculums. This indicates that specific pre-labor market attributes increase economic success of this community and produce international scholars who transfer experiences into career skills that positively impact multinational businesses.

An International Due Process Standard for Competition Adjudication? A Critical Approach

With the global proliferation of antitrust law enforcement, multinational businesses, scholars, and practitioners have clamoured for stronger due process protection in competition adjudication. Often, the argument assumes the existence of a due process standard applicable internationally to all competition jurisdictions. The standard comprises certain features typical of adversarial adjudication, including a neutral decision-maker, a live in-person hearing before such decision-maker, and the right to present and cross-examine evidence and witnesses. This paper challenges this alleged due process standard on two different levels by comparing the competition adjudication procedures of the United States Federal Trade Commission, the European Commission, and the Korea Fair Trade Commission. First, the paper shows that such a standard, which advances certain features of Anglo-American adversarial adjudication, is at odds with the local due process laws of the European Union and South Korea. Second, the paper shows that implementing such adversarial features would pose significant practical problems in jurisdictions where existing administrative procedures are largely inquisitorial or ‘continental.’ While the supporters of the due process argument identify a number of procedural problems that should be addressed, framing these problems as a due process issue would only be counterproductive.

Addressing Exploitation in Supply Chains: Is technology a game changer for worker voice?

Multinational businesses are facing mounting pressure to identify and address risks of exploitation, trafficking and modern slavery in their supply chains. Digital worker reporting tools present unprecedented opportunities for lead firms to reach out directly to hard-to-reach workers for feedback on their working conditions via their mobile phone. These new technologies promise an efficient and cost-effective way to cut through the complexity of global production, gathering unmediated data on working conditions directly from workers at scale. As the market for these tools grows, this paper contextualises their emergence within the broader political economy of supply chain governance. It presents three sets of concerns about their use that must be addressed by businesses, investors, donors and governments that develop or utilise these tools. First, the quality of data gathered by these tools may be inadequate to reliably inform decision-making. Second, global brands may gather large quantities of worker data to identify legal, reputational and financial risks without addressing structural causes of exploitation or delivering outcomes for workers. Third, large scale collection of data from workers creates new risks for workers’ wellbeing and safety.

Cultural Effects of Global Businesses and Multinational Businesses

The concept of globalization is a process in which countries, cultures, organizational cultures, and even organizational structures converge with each other and a single standard point of view in the world emerges, and it identifies and defines the differences of the elements. This shows that the processes of globalization and localization are always in interaction. Convergence brought by globalization shows that multinational enterprises perform standard activities at the global level. However, in contrast to this convergence, with the effect of localization, hybrid organizational structures are becoming important especially in order to provide competitive advantage in the national market. While creating hybrid organizational structures, attention is paid to establish a structure that will not hinder the coordination between the host country and the home country. In this context, the definitions of globalization, localization, hybridization, and how the complexity of their interactions are reflected in business strategies are discussed from a theoretical point of view.

Personal characteristics and applicants’ perceptions of procedural fairness in a selection context

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine a varied set of personal characteristics (i.e. cultural values tied to Confucianism, Big Five personality attributes and test experience) for their combined ability to predict job applicants’ expected and experienced procedural fairness in the context of personnel selection. Design/methodology/approach A total of 324 applicants were surveyed as part of a process to select entry-level positions at a large IT manufacturing company in eastern China. Data were gathered in two waves, such that applicants’ personal characteristics and fairness expectations were obtained prior to their perceptions of procedural fairness, which were collected after the selection interview. Findings Confucian values, neuroticism, conscientiousness and test experience all predicted applicants’ procedural fairness expectations. Only test experience had both direct and indirect effects on procedural justice perceptions. All other effects involving personal characteristics and experience of procedural fairness were mediated by applicants’ fairness expectations. Research limitations/implications The demonstration of the impact of a varied set of personal characteristics on applicants’ perceptions of procedural fairness is consistent with theory-driven models intended to understand and predict these perceptions. The findings suggest, among other considerations, that multinational businesses cannot assume that a standardized approach to selection will be viewed in the same manner by applicants across national contexts. Originality/value The authors show, in an operational employee selection context, how a varied set of personal characteristics can usefully combine to predict applicants’ procedural fairness expectations, as well as their experience of procedural fairness.