The Unavoidable Suffering in Selected Literary Texts: Poems and Novels

The unavoidable suffering is an outstanding theme which has its impact to almost all literary texts. Typically, unavoidable suffering is the supreme touchstone in life and literature. Poets used its presence incessantly. They are always conscious of its inevitability. Investigation of this theme gives the reader a panoramic view of vital issues that are unusually linked to some extent with suffering; such as religion, God, nature, love and immortality. In the poems discussed in this study, unavoidable suffering reflects the effect of modern psychology has had upon both literature and literary criticism. The main reflection of suffering which is implied in the characters presented reveal the very contradictions, absurdities and complexities of our life. The poets and novelists chosen in this paper portray suffering, as “an abstract force, in an attempt to come to terms with it as well as to fathom it.” (Gurra, 2019, p.5) In the inexorable quest to comprehend it, poets do not offer a final view of suffering because it remains for them the great unknown mystery. This paper, however, is an attempt to meticulously examine and critically analyze the images of suffering in minor characters presented in selected poems. The selected poems are of Robinson Jeffers, Allen Ginsberg, and Maya Angelou. The characters selected from different novels are minor ones. Characters like: Roger Chiilingworth from The Scarlet Letter (1850), Walter Morel from Sons and Lovers (1913), Zeena Frome from Ethan Frome (1911), and Rezia Warren Smith from Mrs. Dalloway (1925). Different kinds of suffering are disscussed in order to gain a better understanding of the writers’ perception of unavoidable suffering as well as to understand the western philosophy of it.

Characterization and correction of stray light in TROPOMI-SWIR

The shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer module of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), on board the ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite, is used to measure atmospheric CO and methane columns. For this purpose, calibrated radiance measurements are needed that are minimally contaminated by instrumental stray light. Therefore, a method has been developed and applied in an on-ground calibration campaign to characterize stray light in detail using a monochromatic quasi-point light source. The dynamic range of the signal was extended to more than 7 orders of magnitude by performing measurements with different exposure times, saturating detector pixels at the longer exposure times. Analysis of the stray light indicates about 4.4 % of the detected light is correctable stray light. An algorithm was then devised and implemented in the operational data processor to correct in-flight SWIR observations in near-real time, based on Van Cittert deconvolution. The stray light is approximated by a far-field kernel independent of position and wavelength and an additional kernel representing the main reflection. Applying this correction significantly reduces the stray-light signal, for example in a simulated dark forest scene close to bright clouds by a factor of about 10. Simulations indicate that this reduces the stray-light error sufficiently for accurate gas-column retrievals. In addition, the instrument contains five SWIR diode lasers that enable long-term, in-flight monitoring of the stray-light distribution.

Reflection Plane Precision Measuring Methods Research of Shipborne Measurement and Control Antenna

In this paper, measuring principle of shipborne measurement and control antenna was introduced, error index analysis was carried out. Main reflection plane replacement of a certain shipborne measurement and control antenna was taken as an example, installation methods of the antenna and measuring methods of main reflection plane precision were described, and solutions to the difficulties in measuring were put forward. Plane precision measuring and data processing were carried out finally. The results showed that, the operability of these methods were high, and the measuring results of reflection plane precision met the necessity of the index.

Vegetation Covering Changes in Shandong Province Based on NDVI Data

The vegetation cover is the main part of the human transformation of nature, and it is also the main reflection of human activities. Shandong Province is in the stage of rapid development at present, rapid economic growth and extensive development model makes the land use and vegetation cover has undergone profound changes in Shandong Province. Therefore, the study of vegetation cover change has great significance to the province. Based on the MODI S NDVI data with 1km resolution, the vegetation cover changes of Shandong Province from 2002 to 2011were analyzed in this paper supporting by the ENVI technology. The results showed that NDVI values in 2002 were mainly distributed in the 0.4-0.6 range, accounting for 62%, while NDVI values of the other years were mainly distributed in the 0.6-0.8 range, the proportion of them were over 50% except 2002. The results also showed that there are some differences in the composition of each interval in 2003 to 2011. Drought, fixed assets investment and crop planting area may be the main reasons for vegetation coverage changes of Shandong Province.

Alpha-Decay Effects in 241Am-Doped Gadolinium Zirconate

ABSTRACTSample of zirconate ceramic with a composition corresponding to formula Gd1.7241Am0.3Zr2O7 was synthesized by heat-treatment of mechanically activated and compacted in pellet oxide mixture at 1500 °C for 30 min. The d values on XRD pattern of the sample soon after synthesis (D = 7.9×1015 α-decays/g or 0.001 dpa) demonstrated fluorite structure with the most intensive peak with d111 =3.042 Å (a = 5.269 Å) and very weak diffuse reflections due to d-pyrochlore. At a dose of 7.9×1017 α-decays/g or 0.11 dpa the reflections were broadened by approximately 20% and their relative intensity slightly reduced. At higher doses all the weak superstructure reflections disappeared and the growth in intensity and narrowing of the main reflection occurred. Lattice parameter a increased with the dose and reached 5.343 Å (d111 = 3.085 Å) at a dose of 4.6×1018 α-decays/g or 0.42 dpa. At a dose of 5.5×1018 α-decays/g or 0.78 dpa positions of reflections were shifted to lower d-spaces (d111 value reduced to 3.071 Å) and the half-width of the major reflection was 67% of initial. For the 241Am-doped Gd-zirconate the structure recovery rate exceeds disordering rate and no amorphization occurred at doses higher than ∼0.2-0.3 dpa.

Middle age and new age idea of justice

The idea of justice has been the main reflection of the philosophers and lawyers for centuries. It is one of the most brilliant concepts of our spiritual universe. It has been considered as a domina et regina virtutum - mistress and queen of virtues. Many people consider it as a highest civilization, social and legal value. This paper presents a brief review of the development of the idea of justice in the middle and new age.

Method for determining distribution of reflection sites in the arterial system

We developed a new method to determine the location and importance of reflection sites in the arterial system. The method is based on the decomposition of the aortic pressure wave into its forward and backward components, and it provides the reflection profile of the arterial system as a wave reflection site amplitude versus distance from the heart. The reflection profile can be seen as the response of the arterial system to a pressure delta pulse where reflections upstream from the measurement location have been eliminated. The method was successfully tested on a simple model loaded with a pure resistor, a two-element windkessel, and a bifurcating tube system. It was then applied to the aortic pressure and flow signals measured in six mongrel dogs whose aorta was occluded at different levels. The profiles obtained from measurements at control showed two main reflection regions, one located in the vicinity (0.1-0.2 m) of the heart and the other located in the region of the iliac bifurcation. All occlusions, even the most distant one at the iliac bifurcation, could be identified in both amplitude (amount of reflections) and distance from the heart. The spatial resolution of the profiles was approximately 0.1 m as a result of the limited power spectrum contained in the arterial pulse, and the identification of reflection sites decreased rapidly with the distance.

Anomalous strain profiles of short-period semiconductor-superlattice structures as measured from HREM images

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the measurement of lattice strains at the nanometre level using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) techniques. In particular, techniques based on the measurement of the displacements of lattice fringes from processed images derived from the individual Fourier components of the original CCD image have been successful in accurately reproducingthe strain profiles present in semiconductor and metal heterostructures. In order to isolate the information associated with a given reflection, Fourier-filter masks of approximately the first Brillouinzone in size are positioned on the desired reflection in the digital diffractogram and all the Fourier frequencies not located within the masks are removed. This procedure assumes that only information associated with a given reflection is contained within the masks. However, if Fourier information from more than one main reflection is present in the masks then artifacts may arise in the measured strain distribution.

Investigation of Semiconductor Heterostructures by White Beam Synchrotron X-Ray Topography in Grazing Bragg-Laue and Conventional Bragg Geometries

White beam synchrotron X-ray topography has been applied both to the characterization of two semiconductor heterostructures, GaAs/Si and InxGa1-xAs/GaAs strained layers, and a substrate to be used for growing semiconductor epilayers, Cd1-xZnxTe. In the case of the heterostructures, misfit dislocations were observed using depth sensitive X-ray topographic imaging in grazing incidence Bragg-Laue geometries. The X-ray penetration depth, which can be varied from several hundreds of angstroms to hundreds of micrometers by rotating about the main reflection vector, which in this specific case was (355), is governed by kinernatical theory. This is justified by comparing dislocation contrast and visibility with the extent of the calculated effective misorientalion field in comparison to the effective X-ray penetration depth. For the case of Cd1-xZnxTe, twin configurations are observed, and their analysis is presented.

TEM observation of cylindrite

Cylindrite, approximately FePb3Sn4Sb2S14, contains two different types of layers, pseudo-tetragonal(t-lattice) with PbS structure and pseudo-hexagonal (h-lattice) with SnS2 structure. The two kinds of layers are superimposed in the order of htht.., and the repeat periodicity is a. In the past only the composite SAED pattern corresponding to the b*c* plane of the two lattices was obtained as shown in Fig. 1a. Now we have succeeded, by careful tilting, in taking separate SAED patterns and HREM images of these two lattices(Figs. 2 and 3). The CBED pattern containing two [100] zone axes indicates: , as shown in Fig. lb.In the SAED patterns shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, each main reflection is accompanied by a row of satellite spots caused by the common structural modulation of the two lattices shown by the dark bands inthe HREM images. The rows of satellites, defined by q, in general donot parallel to any axes defined by the main reflections. In the q direction, the additional long-range periodicity corresponding to the satellites and the basic periodicity of both lattices are incommensurate.