Study and Development of the Components of Gas Generator Compositions Based on the Ammonium Nitrate to Improve Blasting Operations Safety

The article is devoted to the study and development of the components of gas generator compositions based on the ammonium nitrate to improve safety of blasting operations. This is primarily due to the low cost of ammonium nitrate, low sensitivity to mechanical and detonation effects and a significantly lower content of harmful compounds in the combustion products compared to the analogues. PA-4 aluminum powder was used as fuel, carbon black powder — as a gas-forming agent. The effect was studied concerning different amounts of aluminum powder on the combustion characteristics of a gas generator composition based on the ammonium nitrate. Calculated and experimental data showed that it is unreasonable to introduce more than 5 % of aluminum into the composition. According to the results of the conducted study, a gas generator composition based on the ammonium nitrate was developed to increase blasting operations efficiency and safety. Laboratory and polygon studies confirmed the efficiency and safety of using gas generator compositions at the destruction of stone. Destruction of the stone occurred without scattering of individual fragments, formation, and propagation of an air shock wave. Thus, the urgent task is to ensure blasting operations safety using gas generator compositions, which will allow to eliminate the formation of harmful, toxic gases and the high explosive effect.

Sand- and Clay-Photocured-Geomembrane Interface Shear Characteristics Using Direct Shear Test

It is well known that geomembranes frequently and easily fail at the seams, which has been a ubiquitous problem in various applications. To avoid the failure of geomembrane at the seams, photocuring was carried out with 1~5% photoinitiator and 2% carbon black powder. This geomembrane can be sprayed and cured on the soil surface. The obtained geomembrane was then used as a barrier, separator, or reinforcement. In this study, the direct shear tests were carried out with the aim to investigate the interfacial characteristics of photocured geomembrane–clay/sand. The results show that a 2% photoinitiator has a significant effect on the impermeable layer for the photocured geomembrane–clay interface. As for the photocured geomembrane–sand interface, it is reasonable to choose a geomembrane made from a 4% photoinitiator at the boundary of the drainage layer and the impermeable layer in the landfill. In the cover system, it is reasonable to choose a 5% photoinitiator geomembrane. Moreover, as for the interface between the photocurable geomembrane and clay/sand, the friction coefficient increases initially and decreases afterward with the increase of normal stress. Furthermore, the friction angle of the interface between photocurable geomembrane and sand is larger than that of the photocurable geomembrane–clay interface. In other words, the interface between photocurable geomembrane and sand has better shear and tensile crack resistance.

Electrolytic synthesis of ZrSi/ZrC nanocomposites from ZrSiO4 and carbon black powder in molten salt

ZrSi/ZrC nanocomposites have stable high-temperature properties, where conventional materials cannot meet increasingly demanding high-temperature environments. In this paper, the microstructure and electrochemical reduction mechanism of ZrSi/ZrC nanocomposites have been studied. A mixture of ZrSiO4 and carbon black powder was processed using ball grinding, sheet pressing, and sintering, and cylindrically-sintered sheet was prepared as the cathode for the electrolytic work. A high purity graphite rod was utilized as the anode.The microstructure of the electrolytic product was characterized and analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that the diameter of the as-synthesized ZrSi/ ZrC fibers typically range between 100-400 nm when produced by the electrolysis of sintered pellets in equimolar CaCl2-NaCl molten salt at 850°C with a cell voltage of 2.8 V for 20 h under an argon atmosphere. The nanofibers were formed in core-shell microstructures that overlap and grow.

Combustion of Titanium–Carbon Black High-Energy Ball-Milled Mixtures in Nitrogen: Formation of Titanium Carbonitrides at Atmospheric Pressure

In this work, titanium carbonitrides were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in nitrogen. For the first time, the synthesis of titanium carbonitrides by combustion was realized in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The synthesis was carried out by subjecting high-energy ball-milled titanium–carbon black powder mixtures to combustion in a nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of the ball milling time on the phase composition of the products of SHS conducted in the Ti+0.3C reaction mixture was studied. It was found that the titanium–carbon black mixtures need to be milled for a certain period of time for the combustion synthesis to yield a single-phase carbonitride product.

An Experimental Analysis of Aggressive Environment of Concrete with Ceramic Tiles and Carbon Black Powder

In the manufacturing industry among the primary producers of carbon dioxide, cement industry plays one o f the important role. Hence if we reduce the amount of usage of cement in concrete preparation, it will be helpful for a healthy environment. Upon consider the environmental pollution, in the concrete preparation mineral admixtures are used as a partial substitute for cement. Here in this paper, ultra-fine ceramic powder is using as a mineral admixture which are procured from used or broken tiles in 5%, 10% and 15% as level of replacement and also carbon black powder from rubber industry in 1% both by weight of water to made a high strength concrete of M50 grade Concrete. In severe environments like industrial and marine environments, a concrete with high strength may not perform because they are characterized by high chloride content, sulphate content or combination of both. Hence in order to provide such an environment in the laboratory, the specimens are subjected for curing in H2SO4 acid (industrial) and NaCl base (marine). To find the performance of the use of ceramic powder, black carbon powder, compressibility strength and split tensile strength, flexural strength, porosity, corrosion resistance tests are performed.

TiC-Coated Carbon Black Particles as a Bioactive Ceramic Compound for Application of Bone Tissue Engineering

Titanium carbide-coated carbon black particles (TCBs) were synthesized via reaction of metallic titanium powder with carbon black powder in a molten potassium chloride at 900°C for 4 hours in argon atmosphere to study their biological properties to be used as a bioactive ceramic compound for bone formation. Phase compositions and morphologies were characterized by electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Core-shell structure was examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Biofunctionalities were considered by cell proliferation and protein synthesis. titanium and carbon peak were found, on an EDS curve of the as-synthesized powder, indicating the complete reaction. The shape and size of as-synthesized powder and as-received carbon black powder are similar, as it is noticed the template growth mechanism of the reaction. However, the surface morphology of as-synthesized powder is different because of its rough surface. Core-shell structure of the as-synthesized powder was revealed by TEM that an ultra-thin layer of titanium carbide was successfully coated on a carbon black particle. Biological testing showed, as compared to a control, a significant enhancement in cell proliferation and protein synthesis of the as-synthesized TCBs suggesting a good candidate as a bioactive compound for biomedical applications.