Impact of Dietary Restriction Regimens on Mitochondria, Heart, and Endothelial Function: A Brief Overview

Caloric restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) are strategies aimed to promote health beneficial effects by interfering with several mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular diseases. Both dietary approaches decrease body weight, insulin resistance, blood pressure, lipids, and inflammatory status. All these favorable effects are the result of several metabolic adjustments, which have been addressed in this review, i.e., the improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis, the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the improvement of cardiac and vascular function. CR and IF are able to modulate mitochondrial function via interference with dynamics (i.e., fusion and fission), respiration, and related oxidative stress. In the cardiovascular system, both dietary interventions are able to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation, reduce cardiac hypertrophy, and activate antiapoptotic signaling cascades. Further clinical studies are required to assess the long-term safety in the clinical setting.

Effects of Combined Oxytocin and Beta-3 Receptor Agonist (CL 316243) Treatment on Body Weight and Adiposity in Male Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Previous studies have indicated that oxytocin (OT) reduces body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents through reductions in energy intake and increases in energy expenditure. We recently demonstrated that hindbrain [fourth ventricular (4V)] administration of OT evokes weight loss and elevates interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature (TIBAT) in DIO rats. What remains unclear is whether OT can be used as an adjunct with other drugs that directly target beta-3 receptors in IBAT to promote BAT thermogenesis and reduce body weight in DIO rats. We hypothesized that the combined treatment of OT and the beta-3 agonist, CL 316243, would produce an additive effect to decrease body weight and adiposity in DIO rats by reducing energy intake and increasing BAT thermogenesis. We assessed the effects of 4V infusions of OT (16 nmol/day) or vehicle (VEH) in combination with daily intraperitoneal injections of CL 316243 (0.5 mg/kg) or VEH on food intake, TIBAT, body weight and body composition. OT and CL 316243 alone reduced body weight by 7.8 ± 1.3% (P < 0.05) and 9.1 ± 2.1% (P < 0.05), respectively, but the combined treatment produced more pronounced weight loss (15.5 ± 1.2%; P < 0.05) than either treatment alone. These effects were associated with decreased adiposity, adipocyte size, energy intake and increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) content in epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) (P < 0.05). In addition, CL 316243 alone (P < 0.05) and in combination with OT (P < 0.05) elevated TIBAT and IBAT UCP-1 content and IBAT thermogenic gene expression. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the combined treatment of OT and the beta-3 agonist, CL 316243, produces an additive effect to decrease body weight. The findings from the current study suggest that the effects of the combined treatment on energy intake, fat mass, adipocyte size and browning of EWAT were not additive and appear to be driven, in part, by transient changes in energy intake in response to OT or CL 316243 alone as well as CL 316243-elicited reduction of fat mass and adipocyte size and induction of browning of EWAT.

Lactococcus lactis and Resveratrol Decrease Body Weight and Increase Benefic Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Mice

Background:: The microbiome is now known for its important role in whole-body homeostasis. A dysbiosis of the normal microbiota is correlated with metabolic disorders. In this sense, the search for compounds able to modulate the microbiome is needed. Resveratrol, a natural compound found in grapes seems to be a promising candidate. Objective:: In this study, our motivation was to evaluate the effects of the association between Resveratrol and Lactococcus lactis, a probiotic, on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota and body weight of mice. Methods:: Twenty female mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) standard diet, (2) standard diet plus Lactococcus lactis, (3) standard diet plus resveratrol, and (4) standard diet plus Lactococcus lactis and resveratrol. At the end of the treatment peri-od, samples of blood, mucus, stomach, and small and large intestines were collected for analysis. Total levels of Immuno-globulin A and Immunoglobulin E, Lac+ and Lac- bacteria and Lactobacillus were measured. Results:: The main results indicate that the association between resveratrol and probiotics was able to decrease mice body weight, as compared to the other groups, in addition to decrease the number of Lac- bacteria and increasing the number of Lac+ bacteria. The levels of secretory IgA were also decreased, compared to the animals treated with only probiotics or resveratrol. Conclusion:: We observed potential synergism between Resveratrol and Lactococcus lactis mainly in modulating the stom-ach and intestinal microbiota.

Leptin alters energy intake and fat mass but not energy expenditure in lean subjects

Based on studies in mice, leptin was expected to decrease body weight in obese individuals. However, the majority of the obese are hyperleptinemic and do not respond to leptin treatment, suggesting the presence of leptin tolerance and questioning the role of leptin as regulator of energy balance in humans. We thus performed detailed novel measurements and analyses of samples and data from our clinical trials biobank to investigate leptin effects on mechanisms of weight regulation in lean normo- and mildly hypo-leptinemic individuals without genetic disorders. We demonstrate that short-term leptin administration alters food intake during refeeding after fasting, whereas long-term leptin treatment reduces fat mass and body weight, and transiently alters circulating free fatty acids in lean mildly hypoleptinemic individuals. Leptin levels before treatment initiation and leptin dose do not predict the observed weight loss in lean individuals suggesting a saturable effect of leptin. In contrast to data from animal studies, leptin treatment does not affect energy expenditure, lipid utilization, SNS activity, heart rate, blood pressure or lean body mass.

VITAL POTENTIAL OF MULTIPLE HERBS IN PROPHYLAXIS OF OBESITY

Objective: Allopathic medications are associated with several inconveniences such as drug dependency. More than 2000 herbal medicines have been proved to have a therapeutic effect in multiple disorders. The prominent aim of this review paper is to compute the therapeutic effect of herbal drug against obesity along with their different mechanisms. Methods: Data have been selected by evaluating merger of specific review and research papers through filtering through data bases such as PubMed, and Google Scholar of last 10 years 2009–2019. Results: On the basis of our interpretations, we have concluded that the herbal drugs constituting active constituents’ as tannins, alkaloids, resins, saponins, and flavonoids are effective in lowering the blood triglycerides level, lipid accumulation in liver, fat accumulation, adipocyte differentiation, and ultimately decrease body weight with almost negligible toxicity. Conclusion: Obesity is highly related to elevated morbidity rate as well as has become cause of various disorders. Herbal drugs have potential to treat obesity through different mechanisms including lipid peroxidation, free-radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of fat accumulation.

Integrated approach of yoga therapy towards morbid obesity: A case report

The present case study is of evaluation of Grade 3 obesity who visited the Arogyadhama (SVYASA University, Bangalore). Conversations with the patient uncovered that the patient was being treated for obesity and patient portrayed his capacity to deal with the mental pressure related with overweight. He credited it to the inspirational demeanor created by his Yoga practice for 48 days. The patient was additionally ready to decrease body weight. The present narrative is an endeavor to give IAYT Practices, detoxification through Naturopathy.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MINUMAN ADVOKAD FERMENTASI TERHADAP PERTAMBAHAN BERAT BADAN, TOTAL KOLESTEROL DAN KADAR UREASE DALAM DARAH TIKUS PUTIH JENIS WISTAR.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efek dari pemberian minuman adpokat fermentasi terhadap pertambahan berat badan, kolesterol dan kadar urea darah pada tikus . Minuman adpokat fermentasi terbuat dari buah advokad, skim milk, sukrosa, serta tiga jenis kultur starter campuran dari bakterri asam laktat yaitu; Streptococcus thermophillus, Lactobacillus acidophilus dan Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan 7 ulangan, dimana R0; tanpa penambahan adpokad, R1; penambahan adpokat 2,5 ml, R2; penambahan adpokat 5ml, R3; penambahan adpokat 7,5 ml, dan R4; penambahan advokad 10 ml. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa penambahan minuman adpokat fermentasi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap kadar kolesterol dan kadar urea dalam darah, tetapi untuk pertambahan berat badan menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan adpokat fermentasi dengan starter bakteri S. thermophillus, Lb acidophilus dan Lb rhamnosus adalah jenis bakteri yang terbaik untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dan dapat menurunkan berat badan pada tikus sampai pada level 7,5 ml adpokat fermentasi.Kata Kunci:Kultur starter, S. thermo-phillus, L. bulgaricus, L. Acido-phillus, L. rhamnosus, bakteri asam laktat, berat badan tikus, kolesterol.ABSTRACTTHE EFFECTS BEVERAGE OF ADVOCADO FERMENTATION TO RATUS NOVERGICUS WHITE RATS ON CHOLESTEROL, BLOOD UREASE AND WEIGHT EXPERIMENTAL RAT. The objective of this research was to study the effect of using Level advocado fermentation on weight gain, cholesterol and urease on blood of experimental rat. Advocado Fermentation has been made from basic material as advocado fruit, skim milk and sucrose. Three mixed culture starter were used in this research namely: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus This experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomised desing consisted five treatments with seven replication, were kontrol without added advocado fermentation, R1 added advocado fermentation 2,5ml, R2 added advocado fermentation 5 ml, R3 added advocado fermentation 7,5 ml and R4 added advocado fermentation 10 ml. Data were analyzed by variance analysis. Significantly difference treatment effects on variables measures were tested using honestly significant diference (HSD). The result showed that treatments have significant difrence (P<0.05) urease, and cholesterol countent on blood, but did not affect significantly (P>0.05) on body weight rat. The conclution of this research that starter advocado fermentation with starter culture S. thermophillus,Lb acidophillus and Lb rhamnosus was the best strains for decrease cholesterol countent and level using advocado fermentation with 7,5 ml can decrease body weight of experimental rat. Keywords: Culture starter, S.thermophillus, L. bulgaricus, L, acidophillus, L. rhamnossus, Lactic acid bacteria, body weight of rats , cholesterol