LABOUR STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATION – A NEW ERA OF ENFORCEMENT?

Although the ILO has been in existence for over a century, it is not equipped with international mechanisms for enforcement of the labour standards that it promotes. Globalization and trade liberalization have exposed a strong relationship between labour rights and trade regulation, leading to attempts to regulate labour provisions in a trade context, initially through the WTO and, more recently, through labour clauses in bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs). This contribution provides a historical overview of these attempts and presents most recent developments, which reflect a new policy of the United States and the European Union to use their FTAs as a stronger instrument of labour standards enforcement.

MODEL PENGATURAN YANG EFEKTIF TERKAIT PENGELOLAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL DI INDONESIA

Abstract, This study aims to discuss the existence of the regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 56/M.DAG/PER/9/2014 and analyze the implementation problems. This research is normative legal research (juridical normative) using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach where the analysis method is carried out qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that the state must promote Indonesian national culture, one of which is to maintain and maintain traditional markets in Indonesia as a manifestation of cultural identity and one of Indonesia's national cultures. This is enshrined in the constitution based on Article 32 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. About the arrangement of traditional markets in Indonesia, specific and detailed arrangements relating to traditional markets are regulated by Presidential Regulation Number 112 of 2007 concerning Arrangement and Development of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers, and Modern Stores was then followed up with Minister of Trade Regulation Number 70/MDAG/PER/12/2013 concerning Guidelines for Arrangement and Development of Traditional Markets, which was later updated with Minister of Trade Regulation No: 56/M/DAG /9 2014 the Year 2014. However, the Minister of Trade Regulation only regulates the arrangement of modern markets. The existence of people's markets or traditional markets which are in great demand by the community to this day still causes polemics in their management, so they are often considered not so necessary. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the interests of the community from all levels, especially government policies in the regulation and management of emerging markets. Because the Indonesian constitution has explained that the state is responsible for providing protection and is responsible for maintaining traditional markets in Indonesia. Keywords: Arrangement, Regulation, and Management, People's Markets or Traditional Markets Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas eksistensi dari peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor. 56/M.DAG/PER/9/2014 dan menganalisis problematika pelaksanaannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif (yuridis normatif) dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach) dimana metode analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara mempunyai kewajiban untuk memajukan kebudayaan nasional Indonesia salah satunya adalah dengan tetap menjaga dan mempertahankan pasar-pasar tradisional di Indonesia sebagai wujud dari identitas budaya dan salah satu kebudayaan nasional Indonesia. Hal ini termaktub didalam konstitusi berdasarkan Pasal 32 ayat (1) Undang-undang Dasar Republik Indonesia tahun 1945. Berkaitan dengan penataan pasar-pasar tradisional di Indonesia, pengaturan secara khusus dan terperinci yang berkaitan dengan pasar tradisional diatur dengan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 112 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan dan Pembinaan Pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaan, dan Toko Modern kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 70/MDAG/PER/12/2013 tentang Pedoman Penataan dan Pembinaan Pasar Tradisional, yang kemudian diperbaharui dengan peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No: 56/M/DAG/9 2014 Tahun 2014. Namun Permendag tersebut hanya mengatur terkait penataan pasar modern saja. Keberadaan pasar rakyat atau pasar tradisional yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat sampai hari ini masih menimbullkan polemik dalam pengelolaannya, sehingga sering kali dianggap tidak begitu diperlukan. Oleh karena itu, kepentingan masyarakat dari segala tingkatan sangat perlu diperhatikan terutama kebijakan pemerintah didalm pengaturan dan pengelolaan pasar-pasar yang bermunculan. Karena konstitusi Indonesia telah menjelaskan bahwa negara bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan perlindungan dan bertanggung jawab mempertahankan pasar-pasar tradisional di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Penataan, Pengaturan dan Pengelolaan, Pasar Rakyat atau Pasar Tradisional

Pricing and Coordination Strategies in a Dual Channel Supply Chain with Green Production under Cap and Trade Regulation

In this paper, we consider a two level dual channel green supply chain consisting of a retailer and a manufacturer with a separate sales channel for the manufacturer. The manufacturer uses green technology in its production and is required to produce in accordance with the cap and trade regulation. Using game theory, we compare cases where members decide to compete or cooperate with each other in terms of pricing and production. Our main contributions are studying the dual channel supply chain model where a manufacturer is regulated by the cap and trade system, using green production and also on their decision as to whether to compete or cooperate with a value-adding retailer. We also investigated the impact of green production on lowering the amount of carbon emissions produced. In the present study, supply chain members are advised to cooperate with each other in order to achieve the environmental benefits of the cap and trade system and, to avoid market failure, we further recommend that manufacturers should invest in green technologies for their production.

Standardization of trade regulation in the context of digitalization of the economy

The article deals with the problem of regulating relations between trade and producers of goods in a new plane, in the actively emerging online segment of the consumer market. The authors consider the transformation processes in domestic trade, the digitalization of the consumer market in the conditions of a permanent crisis in the economy, lockdowns, the isolation of the country in the system of international coordinates, the rejection of the free movement of people and resources. They analyze the first results of switching manufacturers of goods and wholesale suppliers from retail chains, as a priority channel of goods movement, to an online channel, new forms and technologies associated with it. They explore the prospects for the development of relations between small and medium-sized manufacturing businesses with a new form of market sales, which today includes marketplaces. They prove that the problems of manufacturers accumulated in relations with retail chains do not disappear anywhere, but only multiply and intensify. The authors substantiate the need to extend trade regulation tools to the sphere of online sales, intermediary operations in this segment, create standard conditions for manufacturers to access these product promotion resources, and distribute measures to protect the interests of small and medium-sized businesses. They analyze the existing regulatory mechanisms and the possibilities of their application in the online sphere. They offer directions for improving the current legislation.

Stackelberg game based co-firing biomass with coal under carbon cap-and-trade regulation

Coal-fired power industry is under enormous pressure to accomplish carbon emission reduction targets. This paper proposes a bi-level multi-objective model for co-firing biomass with coal under carbon cap-and-trade regulation which considers a leader-follower Stackelberg game between the authority and the coal-fired power plants. The upper level regards social welfare maximization and allocation satisfaction maximization as its multiple objectives, while the lower level attempts to maximize the profits of each coal-fired power plant. The inherent uncertainty prompts the motivation for employing fuzzy set theory to characterize the uncertain parameters and determine their exact values. A case study from Shandong Province, China is provided to demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the optimization model. [Formula: see text]-constraint method and interactive algorithm are used to solve the model, and furthermore the solutions associated with different free carbon emission quota levels and minimal allocation satisfactions have been generated to examine the influences. Based on the analysis and discussion, the methodology can meet the carbon emission reduction goals and transit to a lower-carbon power generation. It also assists the decision makers to develop desired quota allocation strategy in accordance with their attitudes and actual conditions.