scholarly journals GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE IDEOLOGY OF ABSOLUTISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11(79)) ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Yuliya Gurmak ◽  
Iryna Klyufinska
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Political System ◽  
French Language ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
French Grammar ◽  
State Organization

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the grammatical system of the French language in the XVII century, during the golden age of the absolute monarchy. The analysis of the influence of the socio-political system on the changes in the French grammar of that time is carried out. In this century of authoritarian and centralized state organization, it was the grammars who shaped the language to their mind. The reign of Louis XIV created more than a hundred professional grammatical censors, thanks to whom the French language survived the era of "distinction" and consolidation. It is noted that participants of salons and court linguists such as Malherbe, Vaugelas, Chifflet, Maupas, Arnauld and Lancelot and others were engaged in organizing the French language. Each grammarian offers his own vision of the motives that must precede the adoption of a rule. It was found that in the era that is considered classic, two tendencies of grammatical transformations coexisted: the development of correct practical grammar, which contributed to the development of the social elite, and the development of analytical grammar, which drew its material from philosophy and logic. Grammarians mostly pursue the idea of perfect grammar with uniform and absolute rules.

Kesulitan Mahasiswa Pembelajar Pemula Bahasa Perancis dalam Memahami Gramatika

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Ferli Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
French Literature ◽  
French Language ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Common ◽  
French Grammar ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRAKGramatika pada setiap bahasa memiliki kekhasannya masing-masing.Mahasiswa Program Studi Sastra Perancis tahun pertama sebagai pembelajar pemulasering mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami gramatika bahasa. Kesulitan mereka tidakterlepas dari perbedaan-perbedaan mendasar pada struktur bahasa Indonesia sebagaibahasa ibu mereka dan bahasa Perancis yang tengah dipelajari. Penelitian ini dilaksanakandengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hambatan yang dimiliki mahasiswa pembelajar pemuladi Program Studi Sastra Perancis Universitas Padjadjaran dalam memahami gramatikabahasa Perancis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simak dancatat. Hasil analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan-kesalahan yang umum dilakukanpembelajar pemula ada pada penggunaan accent, konjugasi verba, partikel défini maupunindéfini, accord penanda feminin atau jamak, serta pemilihan preposisi.Kata kunci: gramatika, bahasa Perancis, konjugasiABST RACTThe grammar in every language has its own particularities. French literaturestudents in the first year as a beginner learners often have problem in understandingFrench grammar which is frequently considered difficult. Their struggle is inseparablefrom the fundamental differences between Indonesian structure as their mother tongueand the French language which being studied. This research aims to know the obstaclesof the students of beginner learners in the French Literature of Padjadjaran university inunderstanding the basic French grammar. The method used in this research is referringand taking notes method. The results of the analysis shows that the common mistakes oflearners are in the use of accents, verb conjugations, particles défini or indéfini, markeraccord feminine or plural, and the selection of prepositions.Keywords: grammar, French, conjugation

Wilde and the Emergence of Literary Drama, 1880–1895

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare L. E. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Greek Drama ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Made In ◽  
Performance Text

This chapter examines Wilde’s championship of serious theatre and the authentic performance text by analysing his reviews of the first so-called ‘archaeological’ productions of Greek plays and Shakespeare. It offers a wider context in which to understand the rapidity of his disaffection with Greek plays, as practised among the social elite; and it suggests some ways in which his early enthusiasm for authentic Greek drama and Shakespeare is related to his own later classically informed playwriting, which combines old ideas of theatre as about and for its audiences with new ideas of drama as the appreciation of a literary object. Wilde’s own work as a dramatist straddled that change, prefigured by a comment he made in 1885: ‘An audience looks at a tragedian, but a comedian looks at his audience.’ He combines both these directions of gaze in his 1895 play The Importance of Being Earnest.

John Palsgrave as a sixteenth-century contrastive linguist

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Stein
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
French Language ◽  
French Grammar ◽  
Linguistic Achievement

John Palsgrave is the first English lexicographer known by name. As a teacher of French to Henry VIII’s sister Mary, he set himself the task to ‘reduce the French language to rule’. His Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) is an outstanding linguistic achievement which describes French pronunciation, explains the rules of French grammar, and includes an English–French dictionary of some eight hundred pages. Himself a dedicated teacher, Palsgrave helped his English countrymen to understand the foreign language by explicit comparisons between the differences of expression, explaining them and illustrating them with examples. The chapter presents the most striking grammatical comparisons in the use of pronouns, questions, and negation, and then focuses on the lexicon: contrasts in semantic range, idiomatic usage, sense-dependent complementation, and construction patterns.

Islamists between revolution and the state: an epilogue

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghani Imad
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
New Type ◽  
Political Realities

The problematic addressed in this article is the challenge initiated by the Arab revolutions to reform the Arab political system in such a way as to facilitate the incorporation of ‘democracy’ at the core of its structure. Given the profound repercussions, this issue has become the most serious matter facing the forces of change in the Arab world today; meanwhile, it forms the most prominent challenge and the most difficult test confronting Islamists. The Islamist phenomenon is not an alien implant that descended upon us from another planet beyond the social context or manifestations of history. Thus it cannot but be an expression of political, cultural, and social needs and crises. Over the years this phenomenon has presented, through its discourse, an ideological logic that falls within the context of ‘advocacy’; however, today Islamists find themselves in office, and in a new context that requires them to produce a new type of discourse that pertains to the context of a ‘state’. Political participation ‘tames’ ideology and pushes political actors to rationalize their discourse in the face of daily political realities and the necessity of achievement. The logic of advocacy differs from that of the state: in the case of advocacy, ideology represents an enriching asset, whereas in the case of the state, it constitutes a heavy burden. This is one reason why so much discourse exists within religious jurisprudence related to interest or necessity or balancing outcomes. This article forms an epilogue to the series of articles on religion and the state published in previous issues of this journal. It adopts the methodologies of ‘discourse analysis’ and ‘case studies’ in an attempt to examine the arguments presented by Islamists under pressure from the opposition. It analyses the experiences, and the constraints, that inhibit the production of a ‘model’, and monitors the development of the discourse, its structure, and transformations between advocacy, revolution and the state.

The Beautiful As a “Rescue Hopeless”. Hegel and Adorno

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Greta G. Solovieva ◽  
◽  
Zhazira A. Rakhmetova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Theodor Adorno ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
And Shifts

Does modern philosophy of art reject the principles and methods of mastering the reality of classical aesthetics, in particular, the category of the beautiful, em­phasizing, on the contrary, the ugly, ugly, terrible, disgusting? The authors strive to find answers in the dialogue of great philosophical masters – “Zeus the Olympian of the German classics” by Hegel and the preacher of “progressive negation” on the border of modernity and postmodernism Theodor Adorno. Hegel insists on the transcendental origin of the beautiful as the coincidence of idea and reality, the sensory phenomenon of the absolute, the resolution of con­tradictions between the subjective and the objective, the universal and the indi­vidual, the finite and the infinite. Adorno opposes, claiming the rights of “beauti­ful negativity”. He abandons the transcendental character of beauty and shifts the emphasis to the social sphere. The ugly, the ugly, the ugly should not be hidden. But to portray him in such a way as to arouse disgust towards him, the desire to create a project of “righteous life” But the development of the dialogue reveals that both thinkers ultimately agree on the main thing: the beautiful is inescapable and remains the defining category of both aesthetics and life.

Ein zunehmend bunter Freistaat: Die Analyse der bayerischen Kommunalwahlen im März 2020 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der kreisfreien Städte

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-94
Author(s):  
Jan Pollex ◽  
Sebastian Block ◽  
Martin Gross ◽  
Dominic Nyhuis ◽  
Jan A. Velimsky
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Green Party ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Social ◽  
Election Results

Despite their crucial role for democratic decision-making, local elections receive little atten­tion from political science research . To overcome this shortcoming, the article analyses the Bavarian local elections of 2020 . Although the CSU remains the strongest party in the Free State, the Green Party was able to make considerable gains, especially in larger cities . How­ever, the Greens could not gain any grounds in mayoral elections, whereas CSU and SPD competed for the win . In most of the cases, the Social Democrats won the posts in city halls . In addition to detailing election results, this article addresses the ballot lists, the com­position of local councils, and coalition building at the local level . Overall, this contribu­tion provides a comprehensive account of the elections, which are characterized by their unique ballot system and, thus, have a special role in the political system of Germany .

The French Language in Russia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Offord ◽  
Vladislav Rjéoutski ◽  
Gesine Argent
Keyword(s):  
French Language ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Historical Sociolinguistics ◽  
Arts And Humanities ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Uk

-- With support from the Arts and Humanities Research Council of the UK and the Deutsches Historisches Institut Moskau -- The French Language in Russia provides the fullest examination and discussion to date of the adoption of the French language by the elites of imperial Russia during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is interdisciplinary, approaching its subject from the angles of various kinds of history and historical sociolinguistics. Beyond its bearing on some of the grand narratives of Russian thought and literature, this book may afford more general insight into the social, political, cultural, and literary implications and effects of bilingualism in a speech community over a long period. It should also enlarge understanding of francophonie as a pan-European phenomenon. On the broadest plane, it has significance in an age of unprecedented global connectivity, for it invites us to look beyond the experience of a single nation and the social groups and individuals within it in order to discover how languages and the cultures and narratives associated with them have been shared across national boundaries.

scholarly journals Entreprenariat social et entreprenariat collectif : synthèse et constats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Fontan
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
French Language ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
Nous Permet ◽  
The Social ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Nous Voyons ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Revue De Littérature

RÉSUMÉL’article présente les résultats d’une recherche portant sur les notions d’entrepreneur social et d’entrepreneur collectif. Après avoir défini le concept d’entrepreneur, nous voyons comment les qualitatifs « social » et « collectif » transforment l’idée d’entreprendre en un projet plus intégré où les objectifs sociaux, politiques et économiques sont « harmonieusement » agencés. La recherche repose essentiellement sur la réalisation d’une revue de littérature de textes clés produits en langue française et anglaise en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. L’analyse des données recueillies nous permet de présenter des critères simples pour proposer une définition de ces notions qui devrait rendre compte de la réalité des pratiques rencontrées sur le terrain et des contributions théoriques et critiques faites par les auteurs et travaux consultés. Elle permet aussi de présenter une dizaine de constats qui illustrent tant les points de convergence que les divergences observées entre les types d’entreprenariat étudiés.ABSTRACTThis article presents the results of a study bearing on the notions of social entrepreneur and collectiveentrepreneur. After defining the concept of entrepreneur, I look at how the adjectives “social” and “collective” transform the project of being an entrepreneur into a more integrated one where the social, political and economic objectives are “harmoniously” organized. The study is essentially based on a literature review of key English- and French-language texts written in North America and in Europe. The analysis of the collected data allows me to present simple criteria for proposing a definition of these notions that should take into account both the reality of the practices encountered in the field and the theoretical and critical contributions made by the authors and the texts that I consulted. It also enables me to present ten observations that illustrate both the points of convergence and divergence between the types of entrepreneurship that I studied.

scholarly journals Libya – Road to Dysfunctionality

Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (56) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Wiesław Lizak
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Political System ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Current Regime ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Arab Spring

The developments of the Arab Spring of 2011 extended, among others, to Libya. As a consequence of the armed anti-government uprising supported militarily by the air forces of the Western powers (under the auspices of NATO), the regime of Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi, who has controlled the state since the 1969 military coup, was overthrown. The collapse of the current regime has initiated the path to the social, political and economic transformation of the Libyan state. However, the rivalry of local political forces which is a reflection of tribal, regional and ideological divisions, prevented the emergence of an effective political system. As a result, Libya has evolved into a dysfunctional state and the processes of internal destabilization and lack of state borders control generate threats also for the international environment of the country (West Africa, East Africa, Europe).

scholarly journals Social Movements in Contemporary Portugal

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Célia Taborda Silva
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Political System ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global World

This paper focuses in transformation of Portuguese society throughout the analysis of social movements. Social movements in Portugal were changing as the evolution of society. Throughout the ages, according to circumstances of each historical period protest as changing. in the early nineteenth century, the transition from the Old Regime to Liberalism sparked riots. The protests were dominated by the peasants, motivated by the introduction of liberalism and capitalism, which have transformed the traditional way of living. The late nineteenth and early twenty centuries brought the claim of the labor movement and unionism with the consequent organization of social events, such as strikes. The industrialization of the country created a great social inequality between the factory owners and workers, the latter living in precarious conditions which led to revolt. Between 1933 and 1974 the Portuguese dictatorship dominated the political system but even the social repression prevented the existence of strikes and demonstrations due to hunger. After 1974, the country resumes freedom but political and social democratization brought much dispute motivated by the opening of society to the global world.

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