Tiling a tubule: How increasing complexity improves the yield of self-limited assembly

The ability to design and synthesize ever more complicated colloidal particles opens the possibility of self-assembling a zoo of complex structures, including those with one or more self-limited length scales. An undesirable feature of systems with self-limited length scales is that thermal fluctuations can lead to the assembly of nearby, off-target states. We investigate strategies for limiting off-target assembly by using multiple types of subunits. Using simulations and energetics calculations, we explore this concept by considering the assembly of tubules built from triangular subunits that bind edge to edge. While in principle, a single type of triangle can assemble into tubules with a monodisperse width distribution, in practice, the finite bending rigidity of the binding sites leads to the formation of off-target structures. To increase the assembly specificity, we introduce tiling rules for assembling tubules from multiple species of triangles. We show that the selectivity of the target structure can be dramatically improved by using multiple species of subunits, and provide a prescription for choosing the minimum number of subunit species required for near-perfect yield. Our approach of increasing the system’s complexity to reduce the accessibility of neighboring structures should be generalizable to other systems beyond the self-assembly of tubules.

Effect of Sediment Supply on Morphodynamics of Free Alternate Bars: Insights from Hydrograph Boundary Layer

Sediment supply plays an essential role in river morphology. However, the specific impact of sediment supply on river morphology is not apparent. According to the hydrograph boundary layer (HBL) concept, upstream riverbed changes caused by the imbalance between sediment supply and the capacity can propagate only a limited length and have a negligible effect on the riverbed beyond such a short length. We performed a two-dimensional morphodynamic calculation to test the concept of HBL, which was proposed under a one-dimensional simulation, meaning that the concept of HBL is still valid for plane changes in river morphology. We employed an unsteady flow with equilibrium or constant sediment supply in a straight, modeled gravel-bedded channel with an unerodible bank to simulate alternate bar morphodynamics. The results show that regardless of the sediment supply condition, the alternate bar features formed downstream of the HBL are considerably similar. This suggests that sediment disturbance at the upstream end has a negligible effect on the mobile-bed dynamic processes, including alternate bar formation and development downstream of the HBL.

FORMATION OF CRUSHING ZONE AT THE LEVEL OF TAMPING IN THE CONDITIONS OF MASS EXPLOSIONS

The purpose of the work is to study the sequence of formation of the fracture zone in the area of the array above the ends of the system of adjacent charges in connection with the technological parameters of their mutual location. The task of works is the analytically substantiate the dependence of the value of the undamaged area of the array at the level of the bottomhole on the parameters of the system of downhole charges, taking into account the phenomenon of the edge effect. Research results. Data on the dimentions of the part of the massif in the lborewhole that does not participate in the mass deformation motion of the rock during the formation of adjacent downhole funnels are obtained. It is assumed that this area between adjacent charges is the source of the oversized fraction. Originality. The process of formation of the destroyed zone in space above the end of the boreholeis considered step by step: generation of the shock wave front, the symmetry of which is close to spherical, formation of the loosenning funnel system in the second stage, which does not adjacent charges of the total front of the stress wave from the explosion of downhole charges detonated from their bottom. Behind him moves the deformation front of a complex structure. It is assumed that this front in the system of two adjacent charges acquires a shape similar to a vertical wedge inverted by the base towards the free surface. The expected result of such a step-by-step deformation process is the desired degree of crushing of the rock mass at the level of the tamping. Conclusions and practical implications. Theoretically and calculatedly obtained and recommended rational parameters of the location of the system of well charges of limited length to reduce the size of the non-destructive region of the rock mass at the level of the tamping, which improves the design of mass explosions in mountain slopes.

A Review on Mucormycosis: Disease transmission, Risk factors, Management and Outcomes of Mucormycosis

To portray the study of disease transmission, the board and result of people with Mucormycosis; and to assess the danger factors related with mortality. We led a planned observational examination including continuous people with demonstrated Mucormycosis across 12 focuses from India. The segment profile, microbiology, inclining elements, the board and 90-day mortality were recorded; hazard factors for mortality were broke down. We included 465 patients. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was the most well-known (315/465, 67.7%) show followed by aspiratory (62/465, 13.3%), cutaneous (49/465, 10.5%), and others. The inclining factors included diabetes mellitus (342/465, 73.5%), harm (42/465, 9.0%), relocate (36/465, 7.7%), and others. Rhizopus species (231/290, 79.7%) were the most well-known followed by Apophysomyces variabilis (23/290, 7.9%), and a few uncommon Mucorales. Careful treatment was acted in 62.2% (289/465) of the members. Amphotericin B was the essential treatment in 81.9% (381/465), and posaconazole was utilized as mix treatment in 53 (11.4%) people. Antifungal treatment was unseemly in 7.6% (30/394) of the people. The 90-day death rate was 52% (242/465). On multivariate examination, dispersed and rhino-orbital (with cerebral augmentation) mucormycosis, more limited span of manifestations, more limited length of antifungal treatment, and talent with amphotericin B deoxycholate (versus liposomal) were autonomous danger components of mortality. A joined clinical and careful the executives was related with a superior endurance. Diabetes mellitus was the prevailing inclining factor in all types of mucormycosis. Consolidated careful and clinical administration was related with better results. A few holes surfaced in the administration of mucormycosis. The more extraordinary Mucorales recognized in the investigation warrant further assessment.

First results with the ANET Compact Thermal Neutron Collimator

This paper presents the first determination of the spatial resolution of the ANET Compact Neutron Collimator, obtained with a measuring campaign at the LENA Mark-II TRIGA reactor in Pavia. This novel collimator consists of a sequence of collimating and absorbing channels organised in a chessboard-like geometry. It has a scalable structure both in length and in the field of view. It is characterized by an elevated collimation power within a limited length. Its scalability and compactness are added values with respect to traditional collimating system. The prototype tested in this article is composed of 4 concatenated stages, each 100 mm long, with a channel width of 2.5 mm, delivering a nominal L/D factor of 160. This measuring campaign illustrates the use of the ANET collimator and its potential application in neutron imaging for facilities with small or medium size neutron sources.

Method for assessing atomic sources of flicker noise in superconducting qubits

Flicker noise causes decoherence in Josephson junction-based superconducting qubits, thus limiting their practical potential as building blocks for quantum computers. This is due to limited length and complexity of executable algorithms, and increased dependency on error-correcting measures. Therefore, identifying and subsiding the atomic sources of flicker noise are of great importance to the development of this technology. We developed a method that combines ab initio DFT calculations and quantum dynamics to model charge transport across a Josephson junction, by which it is possible to more accurately assess different defects as sources of flicker noise. We demonstrate the use of our method in an investigation of various atomic defects, including vacancies, trapping, and substitutions, in an Al|Al2O3|Al Josephson junction. This demonstration both reveals weaknesses in previous attempts to pinpoint the atomic sources of flicker noise and highlights new candidates.

PanSVR: Pan-Genome Augmented Short Read Realignment for Sensitive Detection of Structural Variations

The comprehensive discovery of structure variations (SVs) is fundamental to many genomics studies and high-throughput sequencing has become a common approach to this task. However, due the limited length, it is still non-trivial to state-of-the-art tools to accurately align short reads and produce high-quality SV callsets. Pan-genome provides a novel and promising framework to short read-based SV calling since it enables to comprehensively integrate known variants to reduce the incompleteness and bias of single reference to breakthrough the bottlenecks of short read alignments and provide new evidences to the detection of SVs. However, it is still an open problem to develop effective computational approaches to fully take the advantage of pan-genomes. Herein, we propose Pan-genome augmented Structure Variation calling tool with read Re-alignment (PanSVR), a novel pan-genome-based SV calling approach. PanSVR uses several tailored methods to implement precise re-alignment for SV-spanning reads against well-organized pan-genome reference with plenty of known SVs. PanSVR enables to greatly improve the quality of short read alignments and produce clear and homogenous SV signatures which facilitate SV calling. Benchmark results on real sequencing data suggest that PanSVR is able to largely improve the sensitivity of SV calling than that of state-of-the-art SV callers, especially for the SVs from repeat-rich regions and/or novel insertions which are difficult to existing tools.

Performance Evaluation of Stochastic Systems with Dedicated Delivery Bays and General On-Street Parking

As freight deliveries in cities increase due to retail fragmentation and e-commerce, parking is becoming a more and more relevant part of transportation. In fact, many freight vehicles in cities spend more time parked than they are moving. Moreover, part of the public parking space is shared with passenger vehicles, especially cars. Both arrival processes and parking and delivery processes are stochastic in nature. In order to develop a framework for analysis, we propose a queueing model for an urban parking system consisting of delivery bays and general on-street parking spaces. Freight vehicles may park both in the dedicated bays and in general on-street parking, whereas passenger vehicles only make use of general on-street parking. Our model allows us to create parsimonious insights into the behavior of a delivery bay parking stretch as part of a limited length of curbside. We are able to find explicit expressions for the relevant performance measures, and formally prove a number of monotonicity results. We further conduct a series of numerical experiments to show more intricate properties that cannot be shown analytically. The model helps us shed light onto the effects of allocating scarce urban curb space to dedicated unloading bays at the expense of general on-street parking. In particular, we show that allocating more space to dedicated delivery bays can also make passenger cars better off.