A Review on Mucormycosis: Disease transmission, Risk factors, Management and Outcomes of Mucormycosis

To portray the study of disease transmission, the board and result of people with Mucormycosis; and to assess the danger factors related with mortality. We led a planned observational examination including continuous people with demonstrated Mucormycosis across 12 focuses from India. The segment profile, microbiology, inclining elements, the board and 90-day mortality were recorded; hazard factors for mortality were broke down. We included 465 patients. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was the most well-known (315/465, 67.7%) show followed by aspiratory (62/465, 13.3%), cutaneous (49/465, 10.5%), and others. The inclining factors included diabetes mellitus (342/465, 73.5%), harm (42/465, 9.0%), relocate (36/465, 7.7%), and others. Rhizopus species (231/290, 79.7%) were the most well-known followed by Apophysomyces variabilis (23/290, 7.9%), and a few uncommon Mucorales. Careful treatment was acted in 62.2% (289/465) of the members. Amphotericin B was the essential treatment in 81.9% (381/465), and posaconazole was utilized as mix treatment in 53 (11.4%) people. Antifungal treatment was unseemly in 7.6% (30/394) of the people. The 90-day death rate was 52% (242/465). On multivariate examination, dispersed and rhino-orbital (with cerebral augmentation) mucormycosis, more limited span of manifestations, more limited length of antifungal treatment, and talent with amphotericin B deoxycholate (versus liposomal) were autonomous danger components of mortality. A joined clinical and careful the executives was related with a superior endurance. Diabetes mellitus was the prevailing inclining factor in all types of mucormycosis. Consolidated careful and clinical administration was related with better results. A few holes surfaced in the administration of mucormycosis. The more extraordinary Mucorales recognized in the investigation warrant further assessment.

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Continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate: an innovative, low-cost strategy in antifungal treatment

Mycoses ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01805.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Diego R. Falci ◽

Rodrigo P. dos Santos ◽

Fernanda Wirth ◽

Luciano Z. Goldani

Keyword(s):

Continuous Infusion ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Low Cost ◽

Antifungal Treatment ◽

Cost Strategy ◽

Amphotericin B Deoxycholate ◽

Low Cost Strategy

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An Overview of Nano formulated Nutraceuticals and its therapeutic approaches

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401316999200901120458 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Shaoli De ◽

Agraharam Gopikrishna ◽

Vedhantham Keerthana ◽

Agnishwar Girigoswami ◽

Koyeli Girigoswami

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Food Habits ◽

Health Effect ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Nutraceutical Compounds ◽

Current Review ◽

The People ◽

Lifestyle Diseases ◽

Herbal Formulations

Background: Economic development and vast changes in food habits have accelerated the consumption of junk foods which are the leading causes of several disorders that turns majority of the people to use various herbal formulations or drugs for preventing various lifestyle diseases. Nutraceuticals are the borderline apparatus between nutrients and drugs that provides supplementation of particular nutrient with favorable health effect. Objective: Various nutraceutical compounds like vitamins, spices, polyphenols, prebiotics and probiotics in the form of powders, tablets, capsules are currently marketed globally. Among them previous literatures have reported that polyphenols are the most promising compounds that have been proven to treat various chronic diseases like cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, dyslipidemia, multiple sclerosis, congenital anomalies, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. It is warranted to discuss about the benefits of nanoformulations of nutraceuticals. Methods: We have searched PubMed using the keywords nutraceuticals, nanoformulations, therapeutic approaches, bionanotechnology, and therapeutics. The relevant papers and classical papers in this field were selected to write this review. Results and Discussion: The different classifications of nutraceuticals were elaborately described in this review. The comparison between the different categories of nutraceuticals with their nanoformulated forms was done explaining the benefits of nanoformulations regarding stability, bioavailability, enhanced antioxidant properties etc. A glimpse on the drawbacks of nanoformulations were also included. Conclusion: The current review highlights an overview of various nanoformulated nutraceuticals and its approach towards the treatment of multiple diseases.

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Livestock movement informs the risk of disease spread in traditional production systems in East Africa

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95706-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Divine Ekwem ◽

Thomas A. Morrison ◽

Richard Reeve ◽

Jessica Enright ◽

Joram Buza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Production Systems ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Herd Size ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Transmission Potential ◽

Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽

Transmission Distance ◽

Risk Of Disease

AbstractIn Africa, livestock are important to local and national economies, but their productivity is constrained by infectious diseases. Comprehensive information on livestock movements and contacts is required to devise appropriate disease control strategies; yet, understanding contact risk in systems where herds mix extensively, and where different pathogens can be transmitted at different spatial and temporal scales, remains a major challenge. We deployed Global Positioning System collars on cattle in 52 herds in a traditional agropastoral system in western Serengeti, Tanzania, to understand fine-scale movements and between-herd contacts, and to identify locations of greatest interaction between herds. We examined contact across spatiotemporal scales relevant to different disease transmission scenarios. Daily cattle movements increased with herd size and rainfall. Generally, contact between herds was greatest away from households, during periods with low rainfall and in locations close to dipping points. We demonstrate how movements and contacts affect the risk of disease spread. For example, transmission risk is relatively sensitive to the survival time of different pathogens in the environment, and less sensitive to transmission distance, at least over the range of the spatiotemporal definitions of contacts that we explored. We identify times and locations of greatest disease transmission potential and that could be targeted through tailored control strategies.

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Feeding sites promoting wildlife-related tourism might highly expose the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) to parasite transmission

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95166-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eve Afonso ◽

Rong Fu ◽

Amaël Dupaix ◽

Anne-Claude Goydadin ◽

ZhongHua Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Animal Health ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Parasite Transmission ◽

Rhinopithecus Bieti ◽

Domesticated Animals ◽

Feeding Sites ◽

In The Wild

AbstractAn increasing number of studies have found that the implementation of feeding sites for wildlife-related tourism can affect animal health, behaviour and reproduction. Feeding sites can favour high densities, home range overlap, greater sedentary behaviour and increased interspecific contacts, all of which might promote parasite transmission. In the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), human interventions via provisioning monkeys at specific feeding sites have led to the sub-structuring of a group into genetically differentiated sub-groups. The fed subgroup is located near human hamlets and interacts with domesticated animals. Using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated Entamoeba species diversity in a local host assemblage strongly influenced by provisioning for wildlife-related tourism. We identified 13 Entamoeba species or lineages in faeces of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, humans and domesticated animals (including pigs, cattle, and domestic chicken). In Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, Entamoeba prevalence and OTU richness were higher in the fed than in the wild subgroup. Entamoeba polecki was found in monkeys, pigs and humans, suggesting that this parasite might circulates between the wild and domestic components of this local social–ecological system. The highest proportion of faeces positive for Entamoeba in monkeys geographically coincided with the presence of livestock and humans. These elements suggest that feeding sites might indirectly play a role on parasite transmission in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. The implementation of such sites should carefully consider the risk of creating hotspots of disease transmission, which should be prevented by maintaining a buffer zone between monkeys and livestock/humans. Regular screenings for pathogens in fed subgroup are necessary to monitor transmission risk in order to balance the economic development of human communities dependent on wildlife-related tourism, and the conservation of the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.

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Investigating Male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Attraction to Different Oviposition Containers Using Various Configurations of the Sound Gravid Aedes Trap

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz229 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 957-961

Author(s):

Kyran M Staunton ◽

Barukh B Rohde ◽

Michael Townsend ◽

Jianyi Liu ◽

Mark Desnoyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Urban Landscape ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Northern Australia ◽

Control Programs ◽

Male Dispersal ◽

Olfactory Attractant

Abstract Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), the primary vectors of the arboviruses dengue virus and Zika virus, continue to expand their global distributions. In efforts to better control such species, several mosquito control programs are investigating the efficacy of rearing and releasing millions of altered male Aedes throughout landscapes to reduce populations and disease transmission risk. Unfortunately, little is known about Ae. aegypti, especially male, dispersal behaviors within urban habitats. We deployed Sound-producing Gravid Aedes Traps (SGATs) in Cairns, northern Australia, to investigate male Ae. aegypti attraction to various oviposition container configurations. The traps were arranged to include: 1) water only, 2) organically infused water, 3) infused water and L3 larvae, 4) infused water and a human-scented lure, and lastly 5) no water or olfactory attractant (dry). Our data suggest that males were more attracted to SGATs representing active larval sites than potential larval sites, but were equally attracted to dry SGATs relative to those containing water and/or infusion. Additionally, we found that female Ae. aegypti were equally attracted to wet SGATs, with or without infusion, but not dry ones. These results suggest that male Ae. aegypti within northern Australia are more attracted to active larval sites and equally attracted to dry containers as wet or infused ones. Additionally, female Ae. aegypti are unlikely to enter dry containers. Such findings contribute to our understanding of potentially attractive features for local and released Ae. aegypti throughout the northern Australian urban landscape.

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Birth Control: Reversal or Postponement?

The China Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0305741000026242 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 59-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Leo A. Orleans

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Birth Control ◽

Death Rate ◽

Birth Rate ◽

Natural Increase ◽

Vital Rates ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

Communist China ◽

Annual Population

Whereas throughout most of the world the results of the 1953 censusregistration of Communist China, reporting a population of 582·6 million, evoked anxiety and even alarm, the Communists expressed only pride and overwhelming confidence. As a people “liberated from the oppressive chains of capitalism,” Communist leaders felt that their horizons were unlimited and that feeding and caring for a population of this size presented no problems under a system in which people are “the most precious of all categories of capital.” The simultaneous release of vital rates which indicated a birth rate of 37 per thousand population and a death rate of 17 per thousand, further stressed the “great vitality of the people of new China.” The 2 per cent, natural increase (excess of births over deaths), resulting in an annual population growth of some 12 million, was declared, in line with Marxist doctrine, to be an asset in a country with vast new lands and unexploited natural resources, where additional people create additional wealth.

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Comparative Drug Disposition, Urinary Pharmacokinetics, and Renal Effects of Multilamellar Liposomal Nystatin and Amphotericin B Deoxycholate in Rabbits

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.47.12.3917-3925.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 3917-3925 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Andreas H. Groll ◽

Diana Mickiene ◽

Vidmantas Petraitis ◽

Ruta Petraitiene ◽

Raul M. Alfaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Dose ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Drug Disposition ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Amphotericin B Deoxycholate ◽

Dose Dependent Decrease ◽

Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The comparative drug dispositions, urinary pharmacokinetics, and effects on renal function of multilamellar liposomal nystatin (LNYS; Nyotran) and amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAMB; Fungizone) were studied in rabbits. Drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography as total concentrations of LNYS and DAMB. In comparison to a standard dose of 1 mg of DAMB/kg of body weight, therapeutic dosages of LNYS, i.e., 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg, resulted in escalating maximum concentrations (C max) (17 to 56μ g/ml for LNYS versus 3.36 μg/ml for DAMB; P< 0.001) and values for the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) (17 to 77μ g · h/ml for LNYS versus 12μ g · h/ml for DAMB; P < 0.001) in plasma but a significantly faster total clearance from plasma (0.117 to 0.080 liter/h/kg for LNYS versus 0.055 liter/h/kg for DAMB; P = 0.013) and a ≤8-fold-smaller volume of distribution at steady state (P = 0.002). Urinary drug concentration data revealed a ≥10-fold-higher C max (16 to 10 μg/ml for LNYS versus 0.96μ g/ml for DAMB; P = 0.015) and a 4- to 7-fold-greater AUC0-24 (63 to 35μ g · h/ml for LNYS versus 8.9μ g · h/ml for DAMB; P = 0.015) following the administration of LNYS, with a dose-dependent decrease in the dose-normalized AUC0-24 in urine (P= 0.001) and a trend toward a dose-dependent decrease in renal clearance. Except for the kidneys, the mean concentrations of LNYS in liver, spleen, and lung 24 h after dosing were severalfold lower than those after administration of DAMB (P,<0.002 to <0.001). Less than 1% each of the total dose of LNYS was recovered from the kidneys, liver, spleen, and lungs; in contrast, a quarter of the total dose was recovered from the livers of DAMB-treated animals. LNYS had dose-dependent effects on glomerular filtration and distal, but not proximal, renal tubular function which did not exceed those of DAMB at the highest investigated dosage of 6 mg/kg. The results of this experimental study demonstrate fundamental differences in the dispositions of LNYS and DAMB. Based on its enhanced urinary exposure, LNYS may offer a therapeutic advantage in systemic fungal infections involving the upper and lower urinary tracts that require therapy with antifungal polyenes.

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