Bovine Milk: A1 and A2 Beta Casein Milk Proteins and their Impact on Human Health: A Review

Milk is the ideal food for all age groups of human being. Milk consists of 87 per cent water and the remaining 13 per cent is the milk sugar lactose, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. Casein is the chief component of the milk proteins of which about 30 per cent is beta-casein. The major beta-casein variants are A1 and A2. Beta-casein consist a chain of 229 amino acids. Cows that produce milk contain proline amino acid are called as A2 cows. A2 milk is found basically in indigenous cows and buffaloes of India. Around 5,000 years ago, a mutation occurred in this proline amino acid, converting it to histidine amino acid at 67 th position. Cows that have this mutated beta casein protein are called A1 cows. Different mutations bovine beta casein produce 13 genetic variants and out of these A1 and A2 are the most common. A1 β-casein is enzymatically broken down in the intestine to produce beta-casmorphin-7 (β-CM-7) which is an opioid peptide similar to morphine. BCM-7 interacts with the human gastrointestinal tract, internal organs and brainstem. BCM-7 adversely affects the immune response and is also considered as a risk factor for chronic heart diseases (CHD) and juvenile insulin dependent type I diabetes mellitus (DM-I). The original beta casein protein in bovine milk was A2. A2 is more comparable to the human beta casein than A1 in terms of digestive breakdown. Indigenous dairy breeds of cow (Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Gir and Rathi) and buffalo produce A2 milk and India is endowed with rich A2 dairy animals.

Phylogeography and Proline amino acid usage of Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) populations along landscape gradients in Indonesia

Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) is one of mosquito-borne vector that globally distributed including Southeast Asia. Despite its wide distributions, information on phylogeography and its determinant factors influencing A. albopictus genetic diversity and speciation is still lacking, mainly in SE Asia country. Considering this, the phylogeography of A. albopictus along with its genetic attributes in Indonesia has been assessed. The results identify that there are 2 distinct clades of A. albopictus phylogeography. First clade was related to the human-mediated dissemination. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) shows the TTG, CTG, GTG, ACG, GCG, and GGG codons were seldom represented. While GGA, CGA, and followed by TAT, CAT, CCT, TCT, AAC, and TTC codons were common. From a total of 60 codons, 40% codon has RSCU > 1and 21.6 % has RSCU < 1. The differences between west and east part populations can be observed in proline amino acid signaled by CCT and CCC codons. In this amino acid, east A. albopictus has higher CCC than CCT codons. Since proline is functioned to provide energy for flight, then the differences of this proline related codon among A. albopictus populations were related to the landscape variations in west and east parts of Indonesia with east parts have more rugged landscape and this condition is quite demanding for aerial animal distribution since it requires more flight energy.

Variation in Chemicals and Growth Parameters of Taşköprü Garlic

Main goals of the present study were (1) to initially investigate the nutrient contents and bioactive compounds in the bulb and cloves of garlic, and (2) to study the growth parameter after planting. Garlic bulbs were firstly separated into three categories as pickled, big and small, while the big garlic cloves were also classified into three categories as big, small and central. Secondly, the garlic samples were analyzed before planting for their element profile, proline, soluble protein, free amino acid, β-carotene, lycopene, total phenolic, soluble sugars, SOD and α-amylase activities. Finally, the growth parameters were measured using the cultivated cloves and the pickled bulbs. According to the result, the highest soluble protein, N, phenolic, lycopene and α amylase activity (97.06 mg, 2.58%, 971 mg, 0.368 mg and 38.13 EU, respectively) were recorded in the biggest cloves. The highest proline, amino acid, glucose content (93.84 µmol, 23.54 mg, 230.89 mg, respectively) and K, P, S, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn (21940 ppm, 7577 ppm, 12200 ppm, 504 ppm, 38.1ppm, 377,7ppm and 44.5 ppm, respectively) were found in the pickled bulb. The maximum level of β-carotene (0.282 mg), Ca, Cl and Sr (11260ppm, 818.7ppm and 47.9 ppm) were determined in the small bulbs. Based on the growth parameters of seedlings, the highest value of shoot and root length (39.12 cm and 24.11 cm respectively), the fresh weight of shoot and root (5.29 g and 4.54 g respectively) and dry weight of shoot and root (1.70 g and 1.24 g respectively) were noted with the big cloves. The results of the current study have indicated that the pickled cloves have higher macro and micro nutrients, proline, amino acid and glucose, while the big cloves of garlic have higher proline, phenolic, N%, lycopene and amylase activity. It can be said that the big cloves showed good value for the five bioactive compounds, but the pickled exhibited good value for the macro and micro element and glucose.

The role of pH in corrosion inhibition of tin using the proline amino acid: theoretical and experimental investigations

Herein, the effect of a mediums' pH on the interfacial interactions between proline (Pro) amino acid and tin metal was studied.

A mechanochemical approach to access the proline–proline diketopiperazine framework

Ball milling was exploited to prepare a substituted proline building block by mechanochemical nucleophilic substitution. Subsequently, the mechanocoupling of hindered proline amino acid derivatives was developed to provide proline–proline dipeptides under solvent-free conditions. A deprotection–cyclization sequence yielded the corresponding diketopiperazines that were obtained with a high stereoselectivity which could be explained by DFT calculations. Using this method, an enantiopure disubstituted Pro–Pro diketopiperazine was synthesized in 4 steps, making 5 new bonds using a ball mill.