Neural Network Algorithm for Stabilizing Mechanized Systems

The article describes an experimental model of stabilization of a mechanized system. The following are shown: a skate; an element of the program code; an algorithm for stabilizing a proportional-integral-differential controller (PID). The experimental model uses the calculation and adjustment of the regulator according to the Ziegler-Nichols method. For the case of applying the neural network approach to the search for equilibrium, the Hopfield neural network is used. The technology of calculating the balancing of the values of the coefficients: proportional, integral, differential components are described. The design of the rolling system is described. The experimental model is designed to identify the balancing range of the rolling system of small-diameter balls. The experimental module balances the ball at a distance of 4.5 to 7 cm (SW-range). The shortcomings of the experimental model of stabilization of the mechanized system are revealed. The analysis of experimental studies of spacecraft stabilization is carried out. It is determined that it is advisable to use the mathematical tools of the sixth-order Butterworth polynomial in the training of a neural network. Complex neural network calculations make it possible to calculate the stabilization coefficients of the spacecraft when the coordinate system does not coincide with the axes of inertia. An overview of the authors ' research on the use of intelligent quality control systems for the production of medicines is given. An overview of neural network solutions for stabilizing the turning angle of high-speed cars is given. The expediency of selecting the stabilization coefficients of a proportional-integral-differential regulator by a trained neural network for various rolling ranges is proved.

Influence of agroforestry system modalities on maize (Zea mays) yield in an Amazon ecosystem

Corn is among the short-cycle annual species used in agroforestry systems due to its adaptation to intercropping. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the corn yield, cultivar BIO Z 2365, in two types of agroforestry systems. The experiment was carried out in a forestry agroforestry system in two treatments: mechanized with mineral fertilizer and semi-mechanized with organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in a forestry agroforestry system (AFSs), with two treatments, mechanized with mineral fertilizers (MEC) and semi-mechanized with organic fertilizers (SMEC). Each treatment was composed of four crop strips (4 x 24 m) distributed with plants arranged at a distance of 0.50 m between lines, totaling four plots per treatment. A random collection of 20 plants per strip was used, and different variables related to production were evaluated. The productivity was estimated using the EMATER and Reetz methods and by estimating the direct yield. The t-test was adopted to verify the difference between treatments. The mechanized system was superior for all the variables evaluated, obtaining average yield of 41.6 bags ha-1. In the semi-mechanized system, the average yield was 29.2 bags ha-1. The performance of cultivar BIO Z 2365 was better in the mechanized system. However, the results revealed that the cultivation of short-cycle crops, despite technological restrictions in the experimental area, can mean an increase in income for small producers or act in reducing the costs of the implementation and maintenance in agroforestry systems; operating as an agent of economic sustainability.

2-Dimensional inline system for peppermint oil extraction

Peppermint leaves have wide range of applications in medicines, toothpastes, soaps, mouth fresheners, chewing gums etc. However, in India, the traditional way of processing peppermint leaves for extraction of peppermint oil is slow, tedious, labour intensive, hazardous, and causes skin problem as well. This paper proposes a method of mechanizing the post harvesting process, with least modification in the current apparatus being used by the farmers in the Indian villages. It proposes a non-electric 2-dimensional Mechanized system for movement and compaction of the compact/hay. The mechanism will help to reduce the number of labourers per unit hay volume and the risk associated with the contact of in-process hay with their skin. Also, a lot of time is wasted in putting the leaves/hay in the boiler vessel, preparing the hay in a compact form and in removing the processed leaves. This paper is an attempt to get rid of most of the problems aforementioned and make the process safe, efficient, less labour intensive and more economical for farmers and workers. The mechanism proposed is sustainable and farmer friendly as it does not require any special training for its operation. It will increase the profit of small scale industries with small capital investment for the setup.

Considerations in the Methodology for the Technical-Environmental Viability of Sanitary Landfills in Rural Communities. Northern Case of the Province of Santa Elena, Ecuador

This research focuses on providing a solution to rural sectors' problems regarding solid waste management and final disposal. It considered the Sanitary Landfill (SL) technical-environmental viability for rural communities in the north of Santa Elena-Ecuador. The objective is to propose a methodology for evaluating a sanitary landfill's technical-environmental viability, considering a Key Factors Matrix (KFM) for the possibility of its application in rural communities. The proposed methodology is based on: i) identification of preliminary and field data for assessment of the sector through the KFM, and ii) determination of the technical-environmental viability of an SL according to the aspects considered. The KFM allowed the Ayangue commune to be chosen for the location of the SL under certain precautions. Given this sector's tourist influence, solid waste accumulates 40 tons per day from the ninth year on. Therefore, it is recommended to bear in mind a possible restructuring of the SL, from a semi-mechanized system to a fully mechanized one.

Cutting efficiency of ProDesign R, Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold reciprocating instruments

This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the cutting efficiency and time spent for instrumentation of three different heat-treated reciprocating systems in simulated straight canals. Forty-five acrylic blocks with a straight simulated root canal with 21 millimeters in length were initially weighed (P1). After weighing the blocks were divided into three groups (n = 15) and each group prepared with the following systems: ProDesign R 25.06 (Bassi/Easy, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Reciproc Blue25.08 (VDW, Munich, Germany) and Wave one Gold (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The time spent for the total preparation of each block was recorded. After instrumentation, they were subjected to final weighing (P2). The difference between P1 and P2 determined the amount of material removed (cutting efficiency) by each mechanized system. The statistical analysis was performed by the ANOVA test of each of the variables, for multiple comparisons of means the turkey test was used. As for preparation time, it can be seen that ProDesign R showed a longer preparation time (P <0.5) compared to Reciproc Blue and Wave one Gold. Regarding cutting efficiency, there was no statistical difference between the groups (P> 0.5). In straight simulated canals, the type of reciprocating instrument influences the time for instrumentation; however, it shows similar cutting efficiency.

Mechanized system rice intensification (MSRI) is boon to farmers to save money and time in rice cultivation in Vizianagaram district of North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh

Paddy is major predominant crop during Kharif in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh, cultivated in an area of 112353 ha, out of total cropped area of 117608 ha with productivity of 2524 kg/ ha. Farmers grow crop by adopting traditional method of paddy cultivation, use more seed rate, close spacing, late transplanting with over aged seedlings common phenomenon due to erotic rainfall climate change. Scarcity of labour and escalation in labour wages, reduction in labour efficiency are leading to low net returns. In this context DAATT Centre, Vizianagaram district of ANGRAU, in collaboration with Department of Agriculture, Vizianagaram has introduced “Mechanized System Rice Intensification (MSRI). Mechanized system rice intensification (MSRI) is boon to farmers to save money and time. DAATT Centre, Vizianagaram has organized on farm trials (OFTs) in farmer fields in two seasons Kharif, 2015 and Kharif, 2016. MSRI technology in paddy recorded 20.76 per cent yield over normal transplanting method of paddy cultivation during both Kharif seasons. The results from the study showed that the farmers realized the Rs.15038 additional net income due to increased grain yield by 20.76 per cent with reduction of cost of cultivation by Rs.1150, it could be attributed to reduction in manual labour of 3 man labour and 21 women labour per ha and also increase in yield attributes and yield.

Mechanized system rice intensification (MSRI) in rice cultivation at Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh

Paddy is major predominant crop during kharif in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, cultivated in an area of 102074 ha, out of total cropped area of 180164 ha with productivity of 2524 kg/ha. Farmers grow crop by adopting traditional method of paddy cultivation, use more seed rate, close spacing, late transplanting with over aged seedlings common phenomenon due to erotic rainfall Scarcity of labour and escalation in labour wages, reduction in labor efficiency are leading to low net returns. Organized On Farm Trials (OFTs) in farmer fields in two seasons Kharif, 2018 and Kharif, 2019. MSRI technology in paddy recorded 20.76% yield over normal transplanting method of paddy cultivation during both Kharif seasons. The results from the study showed that the farmers realized additional net income of Rs.15038 due to increased grain yield by 20.76% with reduction of cost of

Selected Environmental Impacts of Forest Harvesting Operations with Varying Degree of Mechanization

Climate change affects forest ecosystems, impacting timber production and eco-services. Conversely, sustainable forest management has been identified as a means to help mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, a greenhouse gas and contributor to climate change, while also maximizing multiuse benefits through close-to-nature silviculture. In this study, a life cycle assessment was performed on forest harvesting operations at three research sites to provide real-world understanding of the selected environmental impacts associated with harvesting systems typical of Germany: motor-manual (chainsaw and forest tractor), semi-mechanized (single-grip harvester, chainsaw, and forwarder), and fully-mechanized (single-grip harvester and forwarder). Environmental impact categories assessed included greenhouse gas emissions, particulate matter emissions, and non-renewable energy consumption. Results from the three research sites were estimated on a machine basis. The semi-mechanized system resulted in the lowest environmental impact, the majority of which was attributed to felling and processing operations. Next, the environmental impacts were estimated for a complete rotation period and compared amongst the different harvesting systems. According to results, semi-mechanized harvesting systems had the lowest impact over the full rotation period as well as for thinning treatments when compared to motor-manual and fully-mechanized systems. The fully-mechanized system performed the best for final felling treatments. Considering variability between the research sites as well as the system boundary assessed, a diversified approach to harvesting operations may be considered, integrating semi-mechanized and fully-mechanized systems for different treatments throughout the rotation period.

Conceptual design of a thermal weed control machine

ABSTRACT: The great difficulty for family farmers who produce food organically is the control of weeds without using chemical products. One possibility for the management is the use of heat in the sense of coagulating the protoplasm in leaves and stem cells. The present research aimed toconceptual design a mechanized system for weeds control through the use of heat focusing on familiar farmers who produce food organically. In this study, we used a product development methodology which can be divided into different stages that are composed of several tasks. As a result of the use of such methodology, six concepts of heat transfer machines were developed. After the application of selection tools, two concepts were chosen for the optimization process, and then the one considered ideal to meet the needs of farmers was selected.