EFEKTIVITAS KELAMBU BERINSEKTISIDA DALAM PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR MALARIA DI INDONESIA

Malaria is still a health problem in several parts of Indonesia. National malaria elimination is targeted at 2030. One of the programs carried out by the government in malaria control to achieve elimination is the mass distribution and use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets. The use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets is one of the efforts to reduce malaria cases through vector control. Insecticide mosquito nets are recommended as a strategic step to break the chain of malaria transmission because the insecticide content in the treated fibers can kill mosquitoes. The data used in this paper is data on the percentage of mosquito mortality from the efficacy test of insecticide-treated mosquito nets to see the killing power of mosquito nets which is then used to assess the effectiveness of mosquito nets in vector control. The data were obtained from scientific studies of articles published in scientific journals. From the data collected, it is known that some insecticide-treated mosquito nets used by the community are effective in vector control, but some are no longer effective. The best period for using mosquito nets is less than 6 months by paying attention to the proper washing method so that insecticide-treated mosquito nets are still effective.

Enhancement of the Properties of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks through the Replacement of Clay and Silt with Fly Ash

The use of earth as a building material, in different forms, such as unburnt and burnt bricks, rammed earth, mud blocks, and soil blocks, is a common practice globally. This study is focused on soil blocks stabilized with cement which are referred to as Cement Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs). The strength and durability of CSEBs are primarily governed by the amount of silt and clay content (finer) in the soil. Many researchers have shown that low finer content improves the properties of CSEB and they have altered the finer content by adding different additives. The current study used a washing method to reduce the finer content and fly ash was utilized as finer to re-fill the soil to the required finer content amount. Also, soil grading was modified by adding larger particles that were separated from the same soil to fit the soil grading to the optimization curves mentioned in the literature. The finer content was changed to 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Blocks were made by stabilizing the soil with 6%, 8%, and 10% cement and with the size of 150mm×150mm×150mm. The results revealed that fly ash addition up to 10% improves the properties of CSEBs and compressive strength changes from 4.28N/mm2 to 13.43N/mm2.

Effective removal of mercury (Hg) from sediment by acid extraction

Mercury (Hg) is a hazardous and toxic substance that is resistant to decomposition and can accumulate in sediment and enter the living organisms via food chain. Due to the status of level mercury in Indonesia has reached the warning level, the action should be taken to avoid any negative impact on the environment and human health. The purpose of this study to developed a simple, fast, and effective sediment washing method for Hg removal using acid extraction. The results showed that pollution level of sediment in Ciujung watershed and its tributaries was high, especially the pollution of Hg and Cd, according to geoaccumulation index (I geo) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). By the proposed method, Hg-contaminated sediment can be extracted within 21 minutes with 99.5% of extraction rate. CRM ERM CC580 (estuarine sediment) was used for validating the results. The optimal conditions such as vortex time, acid concentration, sonication time were evaluated according to analytical parameters. The method is valuable for designing a remediation protocol for sediment washing in developing countries.

Ultrasonic enhanced water washing method for extracting sodium fluoride from spent pot lining

A large amount of spent pot lining (SPL) is produced by cryolite-alumina melting electrolysis process, and the fluoride content in the leaching solution is up to 6000 mg/L, which belongs to hazardous waste. If SPL is not handled effectively, it will cause great harm to the environment. Because the NaF rich in SPL is an important raw material for the synthesis of cryolite by carbonation, this paper uses SPL as the raw material to extract NaF. On the basis of exploring the process conditions of water washing leaching NaF, ultrasonic wave was introduced to enhance mass transfer and the effects of ultrasonic cavitation on water washing process was compared. The results show that ultrasonic waves can effectively shorten the time for water washing to reach equilibrium and further improve the efficiency of NaF leaching. Under the optimal process conditions determined by the experiment, when the ultrasonic power is 400 W, the time for washing to reach equilibrium is shortened from 50 min to 40 min, and the NaF leaching efficiency is increased from 67.25 % to 70.42 %. While improving the leaching efficiency, the water consumption is effectively reduced, and the purity of the recovered product NaF is 96.82 %. This research provides a technical reference for the harmless and low cost leaching of NaF from SPL in the aluminium electrolysis industry.

In-Depth Longitudinal Comparison of Clinical Specimens to Detect SARS-CoV-2

The testing and isolation of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are indispensable tools to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. PCR tests are considered the “gold standard” of COVID-19 testing and mostly involve testing nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Our study aimed to compare the sensitivity of tests for various sample specimens. Seventy-five participants with confirmed COVID-19 were included in the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs, oropharyngeal swabs, Oracol-collected saliva, throat washes and rectal specimens were collected along with pooled swabs. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire to correlate specific clinical symptoms and the symptom duration with the sensitivity of detecting COVID-19 in various sample specimens. Sampling was repeated after 7 to 10 days (T2), then after 14 to 20 days (T3) to perform a longitudinal analysis of sample specimen sensitivity. At the first time point, the highest percentages of SARS-CoV-2-positive samples were observed for nasopharyngeal samples (84.3%), while 74%, 68.2%, 58.8% and 3.5% of throat washing, Oracol-collected saliva, oropharyngeal and rectal samples tested positive, respectively. The sensitivity of all sampling methods except throat wash samples decreased rapidly at later time points compared to the first collection. The throat washing method exhibited better performance than the gold standard nasopharyngeal swab at the second and third time points after the first positive test date. Nasopharyngeal swabs were the most sensitive specimens for early detection after symptom onset. Throat washing is a sensitive alternative method. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 persists longer in the throat and saliva than in the nasopharynx.

APLIKASI METODE PENCUCIAN TERHADAP PENURUNAN JUMLAH BAKTERI PATOGEN PADA SAYURAN SEGAR SELADA (Lactuca sativa L): SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ABSTRAK Selada merupakan sayuran segar yang kerap dikonsumsi mentah. Banyaknya kasus keracunan akibat konsumsi selada, karena memiliki risiko tinggi untuk terkontaminasi bakteri patogen, perlu penanganan yang baik sebelum dikonsumsi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui metode pencucian terhadap penurunan bakteri patogen pada selada selama satu dekade terakhir. Systematic Review digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pencarian literature pada Google Scholar, PubMed, dan ScienceDirect. Kata kunci yang dimasukkan ke database yaitu “Pencucian Selada” dan “Penurunan Bakteri Patogen”. Didapatkan 20 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan telah dilakukan penilaian kualitas artikel. Berdasarkan 20 artikel, metode pencucian selada diterapkan selama satu dekade terakhir yaitu air mengalir, air oksidasi elektrolisis, air ozon, electrolyzed acidic water, klorin, natrium hipoklorit, persulfat, asam asetat, PAA, cuka, SCFA, belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L), serta sabun pencuci sayuran. Hampir semua metode pencucian mampu mengurangi bakteri patogen pada selada. Namun, penurunan tidak signifikan saat dicuci dengan air mengalir. Hasil review menunjukkan kombinasi klorin dan asam sebagai larutan pencuci merupakan metode yang paling efektif, penurunannya mencapai 5 Log CFU/g atau lebih dari 80% E.coli O157:H7 pada selada. Berdasarkan hasil review, direkomendasikan kombinasi asam asetat dan jus lemon sebagai larutan pencuci skala rumah tangga, sedangkan penggunaan kombinasi klorin dan asam direkomendasikan untuk skala industri. Kata Kunci: metode pencucian, penurunan bakteri patogen, selada, systematic review ABSTRACT Lettuce is a fresh vegetable that is often consumed raw. Many food posioning has been reported due to lettuce consumption, lettuce has high risk on pathogenic bacterial contamination, therefore it requires proper handling before it is consumed. The purpose this study is review washing methods for decreasing pathogenic bacteria in lettuce over the past decade. Systematic review was used in this study. Literature search on Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect with the keyword "Lettuce Washing" and "Decreasing Pathogenic Bacteria". Twenty articles are found that meet as well as article quality. The methods of washing lettuce applied over the past decade that were running water, electrolyzed oxidizing water, ozone water, elektrolyzed acidic water, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, persulphate, acetic acid, vinegar, short chain fatty acid, peracetic, starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L), and vegetable washing detergen. All washing methods were able to reduce pathogenic bacteria in lettuce. However, insignificant reduction was found in running water. The study found that combination of chlorine and acid as a washing solution was the most effective method, reduced 5 Log CFU/g or more than 80% of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce. Based on this study, combination of acetic acid and lemon is recomended for washing method in household scale,while combination of chlorine and acid is recommended in industrial scale. Keywords: washing method, decreasing pathogenic bacteria, lettuce, systematic review

Development of a tunable 3D wrinkled platfom for designing cellular three-dimensional communication networks

The study of cell-cell communication is hindered by the absence of a platform which is capable of specifically directing cellular growth while allowing examination of the communication between cells. In this thesis, a tuneable micro-to-nano scale wrinkled nonplanar platform was developed and optimized through the use of photolithography and a microfluidic washing method. The platform demonstrated the ability to create micro and nanowrinkled structures in a wide range of flow conditions. The developed platform was then used as a cell culture platform to investigate the spacing dependence of bovine fibroblasts. The identification of a critical bridging distance for bovine fibroblasts provided a means to optimized the platform for culturing a cellular communication network between bovine fibroblasts. The cellular network which resulted demonstrated, via FRAP (Fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching), the capacity for communication between cells. Creating multilevel length scaled structures on a tunable platform which directed cellular growth while maintaining communication presents potential applications in research, industry and clinical aspects.

Development of a tunable 3D wrinkled platfom for designing cellular three-dimensional communication networks

The study of cell-cell communication is hindered by the absence of a platform which is capable of specifically directing cellular growth while allowing examination of the communication between cells. In this thesis, a tuneable micro-to-nano scale wrinkled nonplanar platform was developed and optimized through the use of photolithography and a microfluidic washing method. The platform demonstrated the ability to create micro and nanowrinkled structures in a wide range of flow conditions. The developed platform was then used as a cell culture platform to investigate the spacing dependence of bovine fibroblasts. The identification of a critical bridging distance for bovine fibroblasts provided a means to optimized the platform for culturing a cellular communication network between bovine fibroblasts. The cellular network which resulted demonstrated, via FRAP (Fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching), the capacity for communication between cells. Creating multilevel length scaled structures on a tunable platform which directed cellular growth while maintaining communication presents potential applications in research, industry and clinical aspects.