The macro- and microelement provision of preschool children with psychomotor developmental disorders. Literature review and authors’ research

Background. An integral part of a child’s physical and mental development is a balanced diet. Insufficient or inadequate for a child developing organism’s needs nutrition in preschool age leads to a delay in physical, cognitive, and mental development. The study was aimed to assess the macro-and micronutrient provision status of preschool children with psychomotor developmental delay, identify the presence of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies, define the connection between macro- and micronutrient levels in patient’s serum and psychomotor developmental disorders. Materials and methods. The study analyzed the results of biochemical blood tests of blood serum samples for total calcium, magnesium, and iron level in 30 preschool children with psychomotor developmental disorders. Results. Mental retardation was observed in 53.33 % of examined children, autism spectrum disorders — in 20 % of exami­ned children; minimal brain dysfunction — in 13.33 %, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — in 13.33 %. 93.33 % of exami­ned children had a deficiency of total calcium, magnesium — in 63.33 %, iron — in 20 %. Ten percent of patients had a deficiency of both total calcium, magnesium, and iron; one child (3.33 %) had no deficits. The most common deficiency in almost all subgroups of examined children was a combined deficiency of total calcium and magnesium. Only in the minimal brain dysfunction subgroup, in 50 % of cases, there was a combined deficiency of total calcium and magnesium, and in other 50 % of cases — an isolated deficiency of total calcium. This study identified a reliable inverse correlation of moderate strength between the level of total calcium and psychomotor development disorders and between the level of magnesium and the hyperexcitability syndrome. This study detected a weak unreliable correlation between the levels of magnesium and neurological disorders; an inverse unreliable weak correlation was found between iron and psychomotor developmental disorders. Conclusions. The most common deficiency in almost all subgroups of examined children was a combined deficiency of total calcium and magnesium. This study identified a reliable inverse correlation of moderate strength between the level of total calcium and psychomotor developmental disorders and between the level of magnesium and the hyperexcitability syndrome. There is also a weak direct unreliable correlation between magnesium level and psychomotor disorders. An inverse unreliable weak correlation was detected between the concentration of iron and psychomotor disorders.

Estimulación temprana como programa neurológico en las capacidades y destrezas en niños en etapa infantil

La estimulación temprana son técnicas educativas, empleadas en niños/as en etapa infantil (0-10 años) para corregir cognitiva, social y emocionalmente; trastornos psicomotrices para estimular capacidades compensadoras. El objetivo de la investigación es, demostrar la importancia de la estimulación temprana como respuesta ante la necesidad de emplear actividades educativas que le permitan al niño/a contrarrestar habilidades y destrezas psicomotrices y lenguaje cognoscitivo, que coadyuve a una incorporación beneficiosa en la sociedad. El paradigma de la investigación es positivista de enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental de fuente documental y empírica. Considerando el espacio del estudio es de campo y longitudinal y, el nivel, es explicativo. La población la integran 200 niños de educación inicial II de Unidades Educativas ecuatorianas ubicadas en el cantón Ambato, Ecuador; en edades comprendidas entre los tres y cinco años. Los instrumentos de medición empleados fueron la Escala Abreviada de Desarrollo de Ortiz y el Test ELA-Albor. Los resultados indican que una vez empleado y analizado los valores de los instrumentos en sus fases I y II (pretest y post-test), en un espacio de tiempo entre cada uno de 6 meses, se observaron mejoras en los participantes en cuanto al desarrollo psicomotriz y lingüístico, evidenciando que las repeticiones y los reforzamientos entre el tridente (niños, educadores y padres), son efectivos para la evolución de los menores evaluados. Las conclusiones indican, que un adecuado uso de programas de estimulación temprana, garantizan el fortalecimiento de actividades de neurodesarrollo, que ayudan a la estabilidad emocional del niño/a, para desenvolverse socialmente. Abstract. Early stimulation are educational techniques, used in children in the infant stage (0-10 years) to correct cognitively, socially and emotionally; psychomotor disorders to stimulate compensatory capacities. The objective of the research is to demonstrate the importance of early stimulation as a response to the need to use educational activities that allow the child to counteract psychomotor skills and abilities and cognitive language, which contributes to a beneficial incorporation into society. The research paradigm is positivist with a quantitative approach, a non-experimental type with a documentary and empirical source. Considering the study space is field and longitudinal, and the level is explanatory. The population is made up of 200 children of initial education II from Ecuadorian Educational Units located in the canton of Ambato, Ecuador; in ages between three and five years. The measurement instruments used were the Ortiz Abbreviated Development Scale and the ELA-Albor Test. The results indicate that once the values of the instruments were used and analyzed in their phases I and II (pretest and post-test), in a period of time between each one of 6 months, improvements were observed in the participants in terms of development psychomotor and linguistic, showing that repetitions and reinforcements between the trident (children, educators and parents) are effective for the evolution of the minors evaluated. The conclusions indicate that an adequate use of early stimulation programs guarantees the strengthening of neurodevelopmental activities, which help the emotional stability of the child, to function socially.

Immune, Blood Cell, and Blood Gas Biomarkers of Delirium in Elderly Individuals with Hip Fracture Surgery

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Postoperative delirium in elderly people with hip fracture is associated with various adverse clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological processes underpinning delirium have remained elusive. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this study was to explore the associations between delirium and its features and immune-inflammatory and blood gas biomarkers. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this prospective study, we examined 65 patients who underwent a hip fracture surgery and assessed the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), and Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98 (DRS-R-98) before and during 4 days after the surgery. Complete blood count and venous blood gas markers were obtained at the same time points. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Delirium was observed in 19 patients and was accompanied by significantly increased pO₂, number of white blood cells, neutrophil percentage, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and lower mean platelet volume (MPV) after adjusting for age, central nervous system (CNS) disease, blood loss during surgery, sleep disorders, and body mass index. The severity of delirium was associated with lowered number of platelets and MPV. Psychomotor disorders were associated with lower bicarbonate levels. The requirement of physical restraint of the patients was predicted by increased percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Prior CNS disease was together with these biomarkers a significant predictor of delirium and severity of delirium. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Delirium and psychomotor disorders following hip fracture and surgery may be caused by immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways probably attributable to an aseptic inflammatory process.

A clinical case of physical therapy of a child with multiple sulfatase deficiency

The article deals with the problems of physical therapy in children with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD). The purpose of the study presented in the article was to substantiate the need to form a structured, personalized comprehensive rehabilitation program for children with multiple sulfatase deficiency. The objectives of the study were to analyze the literature on the topic of the study, to study the clinical phenotype of multiple sulfatase deficiency and potential complications of this pathology, to justify the use of physical therapy in children with multiple sulfatase deficiency. Research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological sources of domestic and foreign authors, pedagogical observation, collection of anamnestic information of the patient. The publication discusses the clinical phenotype of genetic pathology and possible potential complications of this orphan disease, strategic vectors of an individual rehabilitation program. The description of a clinical case of late infantile form of the disease is presented. The effectiveness of a six-months’ implementation of the physical therapy program is being investigated. For rehabilitation examination of children with MSD, it is proposed to use testing of children with psychomotor disorders. The technique of massage, the appropriateness of verticalization and orthotics, sensory enrichment of the environment of a child with this genetic pathology are revealed. Exercises of therapeutic physical culture are proposed, they will help to maintain postural control, support ability and functioning of arms, legs, hand-eye coordination, and help prevent diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. It is noted that MSD has been insufficiently studied not only from the standpoint of a treatment strategy, diagnostic algorithms for clinical multisystem manifestations, but also requires attention to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of the system of modern rehabilitation technologies for children with this diagnosis.

Motivation problems of corrective motor-play activity of children with psychomotor disorders and possible ways of their solution

The article analyzes one of the main problems of physical rehabilitation of children with psychomotor disorders – the problem of motivation in corrective motor activity. This determined the aim – to determine the main directions of the motivational sphere formation in the process of correctional play activity of children with psychomotor disorders. The following research methods were used: the method of analysis, which made it possible to identify the main characteristics and types of motivational support of children for various types of activity; the method of pedagogical observations and the method of synthesis revealed the powerful method of motivating – theatricalization of the correctional process using physical education. The research results were expressed in the definition of the concepts: motive, motivational field, motivational impulse, which are the components of the concept of motivation, the variety of which is defined in four types. There were made following conclusions: The motivation of corrective motor-play activity is based on the unconscious influences of the unconscious, caused by the external use by the teacher of the corresponding children's fairy-tale archetypes and the emotional experiences, caused by them. One of the main methods of increasing motivation is the use of the possibilities of pedagogical "drama" in the form of a method of dosed dramatization of the motor-game plot of a remedial lesson, which should be considered as a physical culture fairy tale. For the implementation of effective dramatic motivation, it is necessary to provide points of dramatization of different influence strength.

Axonal Modulation of Striatal Dopamine Release by Local γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Signalling

Striatal dopamine (DA) release is critical for motivated actions and reinforcement learning, and is locally influenced at the level of DA axons by other striatal neurotransmitters. Here, we review a wealth of historical and more recently refined evidence indicating that DA output is inhibited by striatal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting via GABAA and GABAB receptors. We review evidence supporting the localisation of GABAA and GABAB receptors to DA axons, as well as the identity of the striatal sources of GABA that likely contribute to GABAergic modulation of DA release. We discuss emerging data outlining the mechanisms through which GABAA and GABAB receptors inhibit the amplitude as well as modulate the short-term plasticity of DA release. Furthermore, we highlight recent data showing that DA release is governed by plasma membrane GABA uptake transporters on striatal astrocytes, which determine ambient striatal GABA tone and, by extension, the tonic inhibition of DA release. Finally, we discuss how the regulation of striatal GABA-DA interactions represents an axis for dysfunction in psychomotor disorders associated with dysregulated DA signalling, including Parkinson’s disease, and could be a novel therapeutic target for drugs to modify striatal DA output.

Psychomotor Problems in Children: Early Detection of Sensory Disorders and Treatment

This article discusses psychomotor disorders in children, namely when developmental delays in terms of physical, emotional, social and slow communication skills. Disorders of child development can actually be detected from an early age, the development of gross motor skills, fine, cognitive, and language. As for the symptoms that occur when experiencing developmental disorders in children, the body and brain have difficulty processing and responding to sensory stimuli from the environment. Children with Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) often overreact or overreact in response to touch, sound, or food texture. However, sensory disturbances in children can be reduced and even treated with appropriate therapy. Generally, therapy sessions will focus on ways to help the child engage in activities that they are not normally better at. It also helps them to get used to and accept things that they cannot tolerate.

INTERACTION OF TEACHERS AND PARENTS IN CORRECTION OF DISORDERS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDERS

The fragmentation of data, the lack of relationships between specialists of different directions (doctors, psychologists, teachers) determined the determination of the main directions for solving the problem of the role of parents in correcting the physical development of children with psychomotor disorders.The aforementioned determined the goal of our study – to identify the main directions of interaction between teachers and parents in correcting the physical development of children with psychomotor disorders.The conducted research allows to draw preliminary conclusions:1.The problem of normalizing the state of psychomotor activity in children should be addressed in a comprehensive manner, which implies not only the consolidation of the professional actions of specialists in different areas (doctors, teachers, psychologists), but also their close connection with the child’s family and with his parents.2.This work on coordinating the actions of teachers and parents should be systematic and include the following stages: questioning the parents of the child, interviewing the family, formulating the basic needs of the family, developing an individual program for the prevention and correction of psychomotor disorders of a particular child (including postural disorder), pedagogical observation family and various forms of face-to-face and distance counseling for the parents and relatives of the child (dosed assistance if necessary, facilitation).3.During the ascertaining pedagogical experiment, we tested various options for counseling parents of children with psychomotor disorders. The most successful should be considered: full-time counseling only for parents (without a child) or parents and child together; remote form of parental counseling (by phone, smartphone, other gadget); online counseling based on the use of the Internet (one-day or extended webinars); face-to-face seminars; trainings with parents and children and master classes from leading experts in a particular industry. It is possible to successfully combine these forms of counseling in different ways.Prospects for further research in the direction of interaction between correctional teachers and the family of a child with psychomotor disorders may be in line with the development of the most optimal options for combining face-to-face and remote forms of family counseling in the context of the spread of the coronavirus pandemic and the corresponding quarantine countermeasures.Key words: children, family, physical development, correction, psyche, motor skills.

Biomarkers and Clinical Features of Delirium in Elderly Individuals With Hip Fracture Surgery.

Background: Post-operative delirium in elderly with hip fracture is associated with various adverse clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological processes underpinning delirium have remained elusive. The aim of this study is to explore the associations between delirium and its features and immune-inflammatory and blood gas biomarkers.Methods: In this prospective study we examined 65 patients who underwent a hip fracture surgery and assessed the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), and Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98 (DRS-R-98) before and during 4 days after the surgery. Complete Blood Count (CBC) and venous blood gas markers were obtained at the same time points.Results: Delirium was observed in 19 patients and was accompanied by significantly increased pO2, number of white blood cells, neutrophil percentage, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and lower mean platelet volume (MPV) (after adjusting for age, central nervous system (CNS) disease, blood loss during surgery, sleep disorders, and body mass index. The severity of delirium was associated with lowered number of platelets and MPV. Psychomotor disorders were associated with lower bicarbonate levels. The requirement of physical restraint of the patients was predicted by increased percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Prior CNS disease was together with these biomarkers a significant predictor of delirium and severity of delirium. Conclusion: Delirium and psychomotor disorders following hip fracture and surgery may be caused by immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways probably attributable to an aseptic inflammatory process. Oxygen administration may aggravate these pathways.