https://hjournal.ru/en/journals/journal-of-economic-regulation/2021/264-no-3/2246-the-social-security-system-in-china-historical-approach.html

This article discusses the stages and characteristics of social security in China within the framework of the historical approach. Although the institutional practice of the social security system appeared in ancient China in the early 20th century, some elements of social security have already existed in ancient China in the Western Zhou period. The social security system was formed in a long historical period from Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. This system was dif-ferent from the western countries and had a complex ideological basis. It was based on the traditional elements like country, folk, culture, religion, family, clan, and others. With the alternation of dynasties, social security still has the characte-ristics of locality, national responsibility, cultural characteristics, the role of the family, and other fundamental characteristics. This system of protection is based on social assistance and continues its importance so far. The historical approach has identified key stages and the traditional institutional practices of social securi-ty, which the Chinese system of social support for the poor relies upon.

Distributing State Responsibility

Chapter 5 contrasts the intentional participation framework with other accounts, builds on the normative and empirical findings of the previous chapters, and develops a viable model for the distribution of remedial responsibility within the state. It examines five alternative principles that could justify a nonproportional distribution: “national responsibility,” democratic authorization, benefiting from state wrongdoing, having a special capacity to address it, and having special associative obligations to the victims of the wrongdoing. While each of these principles has important limitations, under some circumstances they can play a role in explaining citizens’ obligations with respect to their state’s wrongdoings. The chapter then outlines a context-sensitive process for determining how a state’s responsibility should be distributed between its citizens in specific cases. Typically, this process will conclude that in democratic states, a nonproportional distribution is overall justified, while in many authoritarian states it is not.

Voting for a social Europe? European solidarity and voting behaviour in the 2019 European elections

This article investigates whether public preferences for European solidarity are associated with vote choices in the 2019 European elections. After multiple crises, the politicisation of European Union affairs has increased, polarising voters and parties between those favouring the redistribution of risks across member states and those prioritising national responsibility in coping with the consequences of the crises. We expect pro-solidarity voters to be more prone to vote for green and radical-left parties and less prone to vote for conservative and radical-right parties. Testing these hypotheses in 10 European Union countries with original survey data, we find that green and radical-left parties profited from European solidarity voting only in some countries, while being pro-solidarity reduced the likelihood of voting for both moderate and radical-right parties in each sample country.

Evaluation of generic competencies among secondary school leavers from the new academic structure for senior secondary education in Hong Kong

PurposeA new academic structure for senior secondary and higher education was introduced to Hong Kong in 2009/2010. This paper aims to: (1) compare the cohort from the old academic structure (Cohort 2010) and the cohort from the new academic structure (Cohort 2015) on the 14 categories of generic competencies; and (2) compare these attributes among students from different divisions in a tertiary institution in Hong Kong.Design/methodology/approachSelf-Assessment of All-Round Development (SAARD) questionnaires were distributed to students who took the two-year sub-degree programmes offered by the College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 2010 and 2015 on a self-administered basis. A total of 4,424 students have returned the questionnaires. Data were analyzed with t-test to compare between the two cohorts.FindingsWhen comparing Cohort 2015 with Cohort 2010, significantly higher scores were observed on five areas such as global outlook and healthy lifestyle (p<0.05). Significantly lower scores were observed on the other five areas such as problem solving, critical thinking and leadership (p<0.05). Students from all divisions unanimously showed higher perceived rating on social and national responsibility but lower perceived rating on leadership (p<0.05).Originality/ValueThe elimination of one public examination, the newly included components such as Other Learning Experiences (OLE) and the compulsory Liberal Studies were believed to contribute partially to the diverse responses of the two cohorts. The dramatic change of the curriculum has not changed the examination culture in Hong Kong which may hinder the development of generic skills among students.

An Old/New Vision of Europe. National Responsibility and Cultural Otherness in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s Play Perikizi

Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s play Perikizi (2010) is a particularly significant migration story because of its shrewd exploration of European integration, specifically in Germany. The protagonist is a girl who undertakes an adventurous journey from Turkey to Europe in order to realize her dream of becoming an actress. The play thus delves into the problem of integration in Europe from both the internal and external perspective of a young woman from a country whose culture and history are deeply intertwined with Europe’s, but are exotic enough to represent the cultural ‘other’ in the eyes of every European. I focus on an issue that is a golden thread throughout the play: the connection between genocide, nationalism and xenophobia, a thematic complex told from the perspective of a character who discovers the chance for change on her journey from East to West. I demonstrate that Perikizi’s journey highlights some structural parallels between East and West with respect to these issues. The play opens up a space in which national responsibility and the relationship with cultural otherness are problematized through different aesthetic strategies. At the end, it depicts a vision of Europe that is an alternative to a past, and a present, of nationalist and racist crimes.

Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology

The topic of Nuclear Safety Culture touches several different aspects with contributions from the main organizations involved in nuclear projects and belonging to vendors, utility and regulators. Two nuclear safety directives issued by the European Commission emphasize the fundamental principle of national responsibility for nuclear safety and are implemented in each member country’s legislation. An example of fission implementation is highlighted, referring to the Czech Republic legislation; an example of application in fusion technology is the implementation of the Nuclear Safety Culture in the ITER project, located in Cadarache, in the south of France. The aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of this field, pointing out the cross reference between fission and fusion technology as applied in two countries, with concrete experiences and future prospects for nuclear technologies.

DINAMIKA PENGATURAN TENAGA KERJA ASING DI INDONESIA

The unemployment rate in Indonesia has soared high enough since August 2020 with a total of 9,77 million person, while data on foreign labor recorded in 2020 amounted to 98.902 person. From this data, foreign workers from China rank first, namely 35,781 people or the equivalent of 36.17%. The research purposes are, firstly, to analyze the legal aspects of foreign labor in terms of national responsibility which is closely related to Article 27 verse (2) of the Constitution of 1945; secondly, to analyze the efforts to protect Indonesian employment law in terms of the national responsibility which is closely related to Article 27 verse (2) of the Constitution of 1945. This research used descriptive analytical method with normative juridical approach. Aspects of foreign employment law in terms of national responsibility are seen in the regulation of the control of foreign labor which can only be done in a work relationship for a certain time. Even though this needs to be emphasized regarding legal protection and social welfare insurance like domestic workers. In addition, in terms of supervision of foreign workers, there should be no imbalance in rights and obligations between foreign workers and domestic workers.. Efforts to protect Indonesian labor law in terms of the national responsibility can be seen in the implementation of efforts to educate and train domestic labor in order to improve competency standards that are able to compete with foreign labor.AbstrakAngka pengangguran di Indonesia melonjak cukup tinggi terhitung sejak Agustus 2020 dengan jumlah 9,77 juta orang, sementara data Tenaga Kerja Asing (TKA) pada tahun 2020 tercatat berjumlah 98.902 orang. Berdasarkan data tersebut, TKA yang paling banyak di Indonesia berasal dari Negara China yaitu 35.781 orang atau setara 36,17%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah, pertama untuk menganalisis aspek hukum ketenagakerjaan asing ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945; kedua untuk menganalisis upaya perlindungan hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif analitis menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Aspek hukum ketenagakerjaan asing ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara dilihat pada pengaturan atas pengendalian TKA yang hanya dapat dilaksanakan dalam hubungan kerja pada waktu tertentu. Malahan perlu ditekankan mengenai perlindungan hukum dan jaminan kesejahteraan sosial layaknya tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Selain itu, dalam hal pengawasan tenaga kerja asing seharusnya tidak ada ketimpangan hak dan kewajiban antara tenaga kerja asing dan tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Upaya perlindungan hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara ini dapat dilihat pada implementasi mengenai upaya mendidik dan melatih tenaga kerja dalam negeri guna meningkatkan standar kompetensi yang mampu bersaing dengan tenaga kerja asing.

Political orientation and adherence to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

Many governments have implemented social distancing and lockdown measures to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Using province-level geolocation data from Italy, we document that political disbelief can limit government policy effectiveness. Residents in provinces leaning towards extreme right-wing parties show lower rates of compliance with social distancing order. We also find that, during the Italian lockdown, provinces with high protest votes virtually disregarded all social distancing orders. On the contrary, in provinces with higher political support for the current political legislation, we found a higher degree of social distancing compliance. These results are robust to controlling for other factors, including time, geography, local COVID-19 cases and deaths, healthcare hospital beds, and other sociodemographic and economic characteristics. Our research shows that bipartisan support and national responsibility are essential to implement and manage social distancing efficiently. From a broader perspective, our findings suggest that partisan politics and discontent with the political class (i.e., protest voting) might significantly affect human health and the economy.

Responsibility to Protect and Rising Asian Powers

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is the national and international responsibility to protect populations against mass atrocities. This article discusses prospects for the implementation of R2P objectives in a world where Asian powers rise. It focuses not only on prevention and assistance but also decisive action, the most controversial aspect of R2P, tied to the UN Security Council where China resides as a permanent member with a veto. The Indian R2P position also highlights, supplemented with some comments, on selected East Asian states. It concludes that the rise of Asian powers does not threaten the national responsibility to protect. Voluntary international assistance is not threatened, but assistance with coercive elements might be. Unless more clear criteria are established for the possible use of military force, mandates from the Security Council which allows this will probably be rare. Particularly, China will oppose interventions that may forward regime change in targeted states.