An Analysis of Pattern of Floral Waste Generated and Disposal in Hyderabad City of Telangana State

Flowers are an integral part of Indian culture and tons of flowers often gets accumulated at religious sites like temples, mosques, churches and gurudwaras due to a number of religious practices and it is also generated in places like wedding ceremonies, flower markets, residential areas, etc. But sadly, most of these flowers often thrown in water bodies and garbage, creating an environmental hazard. Hence, the present study was taken to analyse the floral waste generation pattern and their disposal in the city. A total sample of 62 floral waste generators consisting of 30 temples, 12 function halls and 20 flower shops was selected for the study. Data was analysed and tabulated. The study analysed that the bigger temples contribute to higher floral waste generation, and the festival seasons around the year also generates more floral waste. The function halls don’t generate a constant quantity of floral waste and the usage of flowers highly depends on the budget and theme of the ceremony. The flower markets generate more floral waste if the sales are less in the market. The flowers such as Chrysanthemum, Marigold Jasmine and Rose are generated as major category of floral waste.

The Use of Transient Liquid Phases in Powder Metallurgy

Liquid phase sintering is most widely known in its variant „persistent liquid phase sintering“, in which case the liquid phase is present in constant quantity during the entire isothermal period. There is however also the variant „transient liquid phase“, the melt being present only for a short period in the first stage of sintering and then solidifying through diffusional processes. In this presentation, the preconditions for both variants are presented, in particular with regard to the starting materials. The benefits of transient liquid phases are described, both for sintering – to accelerate material transport, contact formation and microstructural homogenization compared to standard solid state sintering – and for transient liquid phase bonding, a brazing variant which is an attractive method for joining porous powder compacts. Both techniques are highly useful in particular for ferrous powder metallurgy precision components, etc.

Considerations on Spark- Gap Channel Radius and Electrical Conductivity

A simple phenomenological model is established to determine the temporal evolution of spark gap channel radius and electrical conductivity during the resistive phase period. The present determination is based on the Braginskii’s equation for the channel radius which includes the electrical conductivity of the discharge channel as a constant quantity. In the present model, however, the electrical conductivity is regarded as a time varyingquantity. Basing on this, a mathematical formulation for the channel radius as a function of time was derived, and this has made possible the derivation of an explicit expression for the conductivity as a function of time as well. Taking the temporal average of the electrical conductivity offers an alternative mathematical formulation for the instantaneous radius based on a steady conductivity value that can be determined according to some experimental parameters. It has been verified that both of the channel radius formulations mentioned above lead to similar results for the temporal evolution. The obtained results of the channel radius were used to determine the instantaneous inductance of the spark channel. The present model was used to examine the role of gas pressure and gap width on the temporal evolutions of the channel radius, conductivity, and inductance in nanosecond spark gaps.

Evaluation of stabiliser material using a waste additive mixture

To eliminate problems caused by gypsum soil in Iraq (due to gypsum salt under building foundations and projects), this study evaluates the effect of using the proposed stabiliser additives (vehicle waste oil and asphalt powder) to produce a composite enhancement material as a novel solution by examining the shear strength of the gypseous soil using the direct shear and constant head permeability tests. Three burned-oil weights were used (3%, 5%, and 7% by dry soil weight), which were mixed with a constant quantity of asphalt powder (10% of the sample weight) to investigate the shear strength of the composite material. Several factors were considered in this study, including soaking time and moisture content.The main findings reveal that composite material could improve the strength of the gypseous soil. The stabiliser reduces water leakage and percolation by forming an impermeable layer with a very fine texture, causing a significant reduction in the permeability coefficient, which improves the gypseous soil and reduces the collapse phenomenon.

Sensitivity Analysis of a Groundwater Infiltration Model and Sea-Level Rise Applications for Coastal Sewers

Groundwater elevations in coastal cities will be affected by climate-change-induced sea level rise (SLR) and wastewater collection systems will experience increased groundwater infiltration (GWI) due to greater submergence of sewer pipes. Commercial sewer hydraulics models consider GWI to be a constant quantity estimated via a low-flow monitoring campaign and are incapable of predicting future flows due to changes in GW elevations. A global sensitivity analyses conducted for a two-dimensional GWI pipe flow model found the most important input parameters are groundwater head and surrounding soil hydraulic conductivity. Two case studies were conducted considering a range of pipe defect severity to estimate increases in GWI associated with predictions of future SLR. The findings are that SLR will begin to have noticeable impacts in terms of increased average dry weather flow (ADWF) as soon as 2030 (3–10%) and will increase dramatically in the future (10–29% by 2050, and 50% or more by 2100). Daily and seasonal tide ranges affect the normal diurnal flow variations by between 3% and 10%. The estimation methodology and case studies described here illustrate the coming future importance of SLR effects on GWI in coastal collection systems that should be included in facilities planning and design.

Money and Monetary Issues in Islamic Finance

Most of the countries suspended gold standard around 1914 leading to massive currency depreciation. Thus, money was delinked from gold and Freely Floating Fiat Money (FFFM) came into being. Riba in case of free-floating money is real interest and profit according to Shari'ah is real profit. Free floating money and its use as a unit of account is an important cause of dominance of the system of interest, growing disparity of income and wealth. It is a major cause of most of the economic problems that led to social political and moral degradation. It is an important reason of failure of Islamic financial institutions in adopting financing modes preferred in Shari'ah. These led to massive poverty, deprivation, and marginalization of the Ummah and its institutions. Currency linked to constant quantity of the basket of national product provides the way out.

Dynamic compensation mechanism gives rise to period and duty-cycle level sets in oscillatory neuronal models

Rhythmic oscillation in neurons can be characterized by various attributes, such as the oscillation period and duty cycle. The values of these features depend on the amplitudes of the participating ionic currents, which can be characterized by their maximum conductance values. Recent experimental and theoretical work has shown that the values of these attributes can be maintained constant for different combinations of two or more ionic currents of varying conductances, defining what is known as level sets in conductance space. In two-dimensional conductance spaces, a level set is a curve, often a line, along which a particular oscillation attribute value is conserved. In this work, we use modeling, dynamical systems tools (phase-space analysis), and numerical simulations to investigate the possible dynamic mechanisms responsible for the generation of period and duty-cycle levels sets in simplified (linearized and FitzHugh-Nagumo) and conductance-based (Morris-Lecar) models of neuronal oscillations. A simplistic hypothesis would be that the tonic balance between ionic currents with the same or opposite effective signs is sufficient to create level sets. According to this hypothesis, the dynamics of each ionic current during a given cycle are well captured by some constant quantity (e.g., maximal conductances), and the phase-plane diagrams are identical or are almost identical (e.g., cubic-like nullclines with the same maxima and minima) for different combinations of these maximal conductances. In contrast, we show that these mechanisms are dynamic and involve the complex interaction between the nonlinear voltage dependencies and the effective time scales at which the ionic current's dynamical variables operate.

Effect of Valsartan on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase Pump of the Left Ventricular Myocardium in Rats with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Objectives: The aim was to investigate the effects of valsartan on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump (SERCA) and L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICaL) of the left ventricular myocardium in rats with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Methods: The 30-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) are randomly divided into the non-Valsartan and Valsartan groups, and the 30-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats served as control rats. The expression of SERCA is measured by Western blot. The ICaL is measured by whole-cell patch clamp. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular relaxation time constant quantity are measured at the same time. Results: The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is much higher in SHRs compared with that in control rats (p < 0.01). The left ventricular relaxation time constant quantity is markedly extended in SHRs compared with control rats (p < 0.01). Valsartan cannot increase the expression of SERCA nor decrease the density of ICaL compared with the non-Valsartan group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Valsartan has no effect on SERCA and ICaL of the left ventricular myocardium in rats with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.