Ecological Safe Concentrations of Oil in the Soils of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus

Environmentally safe concentrations of oil in the soils of wet and dry subtropics of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Black Sea Coast) have been established according to the degree of violation of their ecological functions. The indicators of the number of bacteria, the activity of soil enzymes, plant growth and development were determined. Based on the analysis of the degree of disruption of the ecological functions of soils, regional values of the maximum permissible concentrations of oil in the soils of the Black Sea Coast have been established.

Impact of different tree species and soil texture on physicochemical properties, carbon and macronutrient content of post-fire forest soils

<p>The objective of this study was to compare the impact of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.), European larch (<em>Larix decidua</em> Mill.) and common birch (<em>Betula pendula</em> Roth) on the properties of regenerated soils in a reforested post-fire site in southern Poland (Central European conditions). The samples of O horizons (litter) and uppermost mineral soil (0-5 cm) were taken under pure stands of investigated tree species, aged from 26 to 27 years old and growing on sandy and loamy soils. In the litter samples, the pH, carbon and macronutrient (N, Ca, Mg and K) content were determined. The mineral soil samples were measured for texture, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N<sub>t</sub>), exchangeable acidity (Hh), basic exchangeable cations (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>) and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC). The obtained results indicated that the effect of tree species on soil properties was evident. The litter layers under birch had a higher pH and a lower C:N ratio, and they contained more N, P, Ca, and Mg than the litter layers under pine and larch. In the mineral soil, birch brought about a higher accumulation of SOC and CEC than the studied coniferous species. Higher SOC accumulation in mineral soil under birch was related to higher acidity under the species compared with the conifers. Soil texture in the studied range - from sands to loams - had only a limited effect on the properties of the studied post-fire soils. Thus, our results indicate that the tree species used for the reforestation of post-fire sites are crucial to the properties of regenerating soils and restoring the ecological functions of soils. Among the studied tree species, the common birch has the most pronounced effect on soil properties, and this is especially significant because the species has appeared by spontaneous succession.</p><p>The study was financed by The National Science Centre, Poland, Grant No. 2018/31/D/ST10/02137.</p>

SOIL AS A MAIN GEOECOLOGICAL FACTOR FORMING LANDSCAPES

The relevance of the work. At the moment, a stable trend has formed in soil science, according to which the soil is considered and recognized not only as a result that was achieved as a result of the process of soil formation, but also simultaneously as a multifunctional natural structure, which is of colossal importance in terms of the formation of existing landscapes and newly formed and the proper functioning of the ecosystem as such. Purpose of work. Comprehensive and complete analysis of soil as the main geoecological factor shaping landscapes. Methodology of work. Analysis of scientific literature on this topic, synthesis, system-structural method. Method of comparative analysis. Results of work. The article discusses the main ecological functions of soils: global (atmospheric, hydrospheric, lithospheric, general biosphere) and biogeocenotic (ecosystem). The most important biogeocenotic functions of soils are determined by the physical, physicochemical, and chemical properties of soils. It is noted that the physical properties of soils determine such functions as habitat, living space of soil organisms and plants; chemical properties as a source of nutrients and energy; physicochemical properties such as sorption of mineral and organic substances, microorganisms, enzymes, water. Soils in biogeocenoses also perform informational functions, the functions of preserving and maintaining biodiversity, sanitary, etc. Conclusions. Consideration of various categories of soil functions in the system of its biogeocenotic, landscape and biospheric interactions allows us to conclude that the ecological multifunctionality of the soil is its fundamental feature.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE BIOGEOCENOTIC ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF SOILS UNDER TREE-SHRUB INTRODUCERS

The paper presents the results of ranking the criteria for assessing the ecological functions of soils. This ranking is presented for the first time. The authors propose to evaluate the ecological functions of soils by the degree of variability of their basic properties compared to the background using a six-point scale. The object of the study is leached chernozem, low-humus, powerful loamy soil on a cover carbonate loam, occurring on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Voronezh State University named after B.M. Kozo-Polyansky in the city of Voronezh under the collections of tree-shrub introducers. Based on the proposed criteria, the following biogeocenotic functions of leached chernozem have been evaluated: 1. Soil functions as a source of nutrients and compounds; 2. Depot of moisture, batteries and energy; 3. Stimulant and inhibitor of a number of biochemical processes; 4. Soil functions due to its physicochemical properties. Based on the results obtained, practical recommendations have been proposed for improving the biogeocenotic functions of leached low-humus powerful loamy chernozem as a whole and especially under coniferous, shrub and coniferous-shrub vegetation

Factors of biologization of farming in the forest-steppe zone of Volga region

The modern development of world farming was announced at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, and is connected with the biosphere paradigm of nature management (1992), which implies the priority of maintaining the ecological functions of soils and landscapes (ecologization). In agriculture, ecologization is known as “organic farming” (ecological, biological, etc.), but in Russia, “organic farming”, in its pure form (without pesticides and chemical fertilizers), has not gained momentum yet. The legislative base for this was developed only in 2019 and in the coming years it is unlikely to receive widespread distribution among representatives of agribusiness for economic, social and cultural reasons. Further development of modern agribusiness is possible due to technological modernization through the technological upgrading by means of a system of biologization. In this article, we have revealed the main factors and practical methods of biologization of modern farming under the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region.

SUBSTANTIATION OF APPLICATION OF EM-PRODUCTS IN CLOSED RESOURCE-SAVING AGROECO COMPLEXES

The article presents technological methods of creating closed resource-saving agroeco complexes in organic agricultural production based on the use of EM products at all stages of closed interconnected biological cycles, which will operate through trophic and energy chains and provide consumers with environmentally friendly vegetable products. Considering quick aggravation of environmental problems, including agricultural sector (soil fertility, wind and water erosion, reduced quantitative and qualitative yields of vegetable and livestock products), there is an urgent need to develop and implement the latest environmentally balanced and safe systems management. As foreign experience shows, such technologies lead to the improvement of the agri-environmental situation in general. Therefore, in our research, we offer a number of technological techniques that will operate on the basis of three components, namely the utilization of crop residues in the cultivation of basidiomycetes in an intensive way, production of EM composts and their further use as fertilizers in organic vegetables. The main objective of our research is to develop the technology that would create a modern balanced agroeco complex. As a result, a consumer will be provided with environmentally friendly vegetable products, as all technological processes that will occur at any stage will be biological or organic. To achieve this goal it was necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) To develop the technology of using crop residues with their fermentation by EM products as a substrate in the cultivation of basidiomycetes; 2) To develop the technology of utilization of the used mushroom beds with the help of EM products and to make composts; 3) To develop the technology of using composts together with EM products for growing vegetable products in open and protected soil. These three technological components ensure full viability of the agro-eco-complex in compliance with all ecological principles enshrined in the concept of organic farming, namely the proposed techniques can restore lost ecological functions of soils and maintain health of ecosystems and consumers. The proposed technological methods of the organization of agroeco complex will ensure ecological safety of agricultural products, creating closed cycles of production, resource conservation, monitoring of all stages of production and product control, energy independence of the agro-complex at all stages of agricultural production.

Main Directions of Internal Agroecological Audit at Agricultural Enterprises

In this paper we investigate the question of loss of fertility of the soil cover, ecological functions of soils. Th e main purpose of the article is to study the mechanisms of control over the preservation of land in agricultural production.