The Gender Gap: Looking at the Entire Distribution

We propose a new method of estimating wage differences among individuals from different populations, which is based on looking at the distribution of fixed effects from a wage regression. We use this method to compare males’ and females’ wage distribution at different levels of education and at different ages. In most cases, unobserved, time-constant factors increase the wage of males, compared to that of females, by a constant share. But this is not true when looking at the tails of the distribution. We also discuss the advantages of our method. JEL: J71, J31

When and how does volunteering influence wages? Evidence from Panel Data

Volunteering is an activity in which individuals work for free to benefit others; however, research has also focused on the benefits volunteers themselves might experience. We add to the literature by focusing on how not only volunteering itself has an impact on wages but how the intensity, duration and timing of volunteering also have an effect on these. In addition, we distinguish between the effects on volunteers in the same job and when changing a job, and test the role of social capital. Using German data from the Socio-Economic Panel, we find that current volunteering has positive effects on wages in a fixed effects wage regression, especially if individuals volunteer with low to medium intensity. The duration of volunteering does not increase wages. However, based on the dummy impact function, we find that volunteering increases wages almost immediately and that this effect remains fairly constant over time. We find no indication that reverse causality drives this effect. Furthermore, we show that the wage benefits of volunteering are realized only through job changes, not on-the-job wage progression. With regard to job changers, we show that social capital accumulation through volunteering is one reason explaining the observed wage effects.

When and how does volunteering influence wages? – Evidence from panel data

Volunteering is an activity in which individuals work for free to benefit others; however, research has also focused on the benefits volunteers themselves might experience. We add to the literature by focusing on how not only volunteering itself has an impact on wages but how the intensity, duration and timing of volunteering also have an effect on these. In addition, we distinguish between the effects on volunteers in the same job and when changing a job, and test the role of social capital. Using German data from the Socio-Economic Panel, we find that current volunteering has positive effects on wages in a fixed effects wage regression, especially if individuals volunteer with low to medium intensity. The duration of volunteering does not increase wages. However, based on the dummy impact function, we find that volunteering increases wages almost immediately and that this effect remains fairly constant over time. We find no indication that reverse causality drives this effect. Furthermore, we show that the wage benefits of volunteering are realized only through job changes, not on-the-job wage progression. With regard to job changers, we show that social capital accumulation through volunteering is one reason explaining the observed wage effects.

Wage Premium of the Public Sector in Indonesia

Are Indonesian government officials overpaid? If they are, should Indonesia’s decision makers reduce the civil servants’ wage rate? Practically, the best comparison for the public sector’s wage is the private sector’s remuneration. Therefore, this study investigates the wage differential between public and private sectors in Indonesia. To obtain robust estimations, it needs to eliminate the effects from differences in workers’ and jobs’ characteristic as well as the selection bias problem. Therefore, it applies various methodologies such as Heckman Correction Method and Quantile Wage Regression by using the newest data retrieved from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 in 2014. The results suggest that differences in wages among two sectors are positive, meaning that Indonesia’s government workers earned higher wages with respect to their private counterparts. Some of those results were consistent with former studies in other countries but revealed different trends compared to previous Indonesian data. The wage gap found in this study was higher for individuals with tertiary education level and varied along the wage distribution.

Is Russia Rationally Developing its Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises? An Analysis of Regional Production Functions

The purpose of this study was to examine if it makes sense to further stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia by the State. For this purpose, the authors formulated the following hypotheses: production functions can be used to explore opportunities to promote SMEs in Russia (hypothesis 1). However, if the values of degrees of factors are positive, it can be argued that SMEs development can be achieved by State measures to facilitate an increase in labour costs and investment in fixed assets of SMEs (hypothesis 2). To check formulated hypotheses we have developed production functions, which reflect dependences between SMEs turnover from investments in fixed assets and employees wage. Regression analysis was used to determine the parameters of production functions. While conducting calculations, we used the data of total observation of SMEs activities, provided by the Federal Statistical Service in 83 regions of the Russian Federation for the year 2015. Taking into consideration an important role of SMEs in Russian economy, the results of this research might help government bodies in resource distribution for particular regions and sectors of economy in these regions. From methodological point of view this research shows, that production functions might be used in Development Strategy of SMEs for the period of up to 2030, which establishes double production growth in SMEs.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGALAMAN PADA PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI INDONESIA

This research analyse influence of education, job experience, level of parent education and amount of sibling to wages and family income at Indonesian family. Hereafter this research analyse how total family income to measure education and experience role give same explanation than utilizes wage measure. This research will utilize model Mincer Wage Regression on Indonesian family. Analisis's method utilizes IV (Instrumental Variable). The data will be used is panel data from IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) which is IFLS 3 years 2000 and IFLS 4 years 2007. Result observation was point out that amount of sibling not significant influence to average education of employment at family, meanwhile parent education is influence signifikan to average education of employment at family. Hereafter average education and experience of employment is significant influence to income and wage at Indonesian family. Then wages measure point out stronger influence than by use of measure total income to measure how education and experience influence to family income at Indonesian.

Do Asian Americans Face Labor Market Discrimination? Accounting for the Cost of Living among Native-born Men and Women

Being nonwhite, Asian Americans are an important case in understanding racial/ethnic inequality. Prior research has focused on native-born workers to reduce unobserved heterogeneity associated with immigrants. Native-born Asian American adults are concentrated, however, in areas with a high cost of living where wages tend to be higher. Regional location is thus said to inflate the wages of Asians. Given that many labor markets are national in scope with regional migration being common, current place of residence is unlikely to be a fully exogenous independent variable. We use two-stage least squares to estimate wage regression models in which the cost of living is endogenous because people with higher wages can afford to live in more expensive areas. The results fail to reject the hypothesis of no racial discrimination. Native-born Asian Americans seem to have overcome the disadvantage of being nonwhite in the labor market at least in regard to wages.

Religiosity, gender, and wage: the differentiated impact of private prayer in Canada

Purpose – Does religiosity impact wages differently for males and females? Does the impact on wage of different dimensions of religiosity, namely the importance of religion, the frequency of religious practice with others and individually, differ for men and women? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Using the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey, made public in 2004, this paper investigates whether there are evidences for a gender difference in the impact of religiosity on wage. A Mincerean wage regression is estimated using both multiple linear regression and Heckit. Findings – Religious females are found to receive a premium over their labour earnings, through the frequency of private-prayer while the same dimension of religiosity penalizes males’ mean wage. The by-gender impact slightly widens for the subsample of employees, while it diminishes for the self-employed. Research limitations/implications – Making use of the most comprehensive data set available and standard methodology, the paper creates stylized facts that are of interest to the scholars of a multiplicity of disciplines. Practical implications – It advances the body of knowledge about the impact of religiosity on productivity and whether it has a by-gender component. Social implications – The research also informs policy-makers in their decision about the appropriate level of accommodation of religiosity in the workplace. Originality/value – The present work is the first research paper examining the by-gender impact of different dimensions of religiosity on productivity thereby wage.