Torsion-based layout optimization of shear walls using multi-objective water cycle algorithm

In shear wall-based buildings, locating the shear wall in plan has an important role in the resistance of seismic loading. In this article, the minimum torsion is considered as one of the main goals for optimal layout of shear walls, unlike the common method that accepts a certain torsion limit. The method presented is in accordance with the principles of design codes with emphasis on reaching the least possible torsion effect. By using a multi-objective function, based on the Pareto solutions, the torsion function behaves against the cost of a structure subjected to constraints of flexural strength, shear strength, and drift. This approach has the ability to layout shear walls in irregular plans and those which have high architectural limits. Also, it can fulfill the main goal of a structural engineer in order to satisfy the requirements of an architectural plan and obtain its minimum torsion effect as well. This method has been applied to various types of regular and irregular plans according to the classification of seismic design codes. Results show that besides minimizing the cost, the torsion effect reaches the minimum possible value considered by the seismic design code, as compared with other methods.

Black Hole Torsion Effect and Its Relation to Information

In order to study the effects of the torsion on the gravitation in space-time and its relation to information, we use the Schwarzschild metric, where the torsion is naturally introduced through the spin particle density. In the black hole scenario, we derive an analytic solution for the black hole gravitational radius with the spin included. Then we calculate its entropy in the cases of parallel and antiparallel spins. Moreover, four analytical solutions for the spin density as a function of the number of information are found. Using these solutions in the case of parallel spin, we obtain expressions for the Ricci scalar as a function of the information number N, and the cosmological constant lambda is also revealed.

Effects of the Accidental Eccentricity on Regular and Irregular Buildings

The response of any building during seismic loading conditions might be affected by several factors, the horizontal torsion effect which generated by the eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of rigidity has conspicuous impact on the total response of building however, in many of the modern codes this influence is introduced by adopting the accidental eccentricity (AE) concept. In this paper analytical evaluation was done to assess the impact of the accidental torsion on high-rise structures with asymmetrical and symmetrical plan configurations in order to estimate the horizontal torsion effects for both regular and irregular structures during a high-intensity earthquake. The linear-static method, linear-dynamic (RS) method and time history method are the followed procedures for analysing the models, whilst the provisions of the considered codes are the Indian standard provisions and uniform building code 97 provisions, three different conditions were applied the first applying the seismic later load without accidentaleccentricity (AE), the second case is assuming %5 of (AE) which is worldwide presupposed value in many of seismic codes, where the third condition is adapting an accidental-eccentricity (AE) calculated according to the selected seismic codes. ETABS 2016 Software was utilized for analysing all models.

Extension of the FGM Beam Finite Element by Warping Torsion

In the contribution, our 3D FGM Timoshenko beam finite element with 12x12 stiffness and mass matrices for doubly symmetric open and closed cross-section [1] is extended by warping torsion effect (non-uniform torsion) to 14x14 finite element matrices. A longitudinal continuous variation of effective material properties is considered by the finite element equations derivation, which can be obtained by homogenization of the spatial varying material properties in real FGM beam. Results of numerical elastostatic non-uniform torsional analysis of the FGM cantilever beam of I-cross-section are presented and the accuracy and effectiveness of the new FGM beam finite element is discussed and evaluated.