‘The hearths and altars for the vital fire’

Chapter 15, ‘The hearths and altars for the vital fire: medical chemistry and disease’ is based on a close reading of De fermentatione, De febribus, De urinis (1659), De scorbuto (1667), and De sanguinis accensione (1670) in explaining Willis’s concept of how living bodies function. His explanation that the nutritive products of digestion are distributed as chyle, interact with an unknown property of air leading to fermentation, with circulation of the heated blood to body parts where it is further altered, recirculation for refreshment in the lungs, and excretion of residues in several body fluids, is described. An account is given of Willis’s focus on the action of five principles (sulphur, spirit, salt, water, and earth), which heat the blood when inflamed. His description of disorders characterized by fever is described. The chapter ends with a summary of Willis’s treatise on the study of urine in detecting healthy and impaired fermentation. {149 words}

Submilligram-scale separation of near-zigzag single-chirality carbon nanotubes by temperature controlling a binary surfactant system

Mass production of zigzag and near-zigzag single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), whether by growth or separation, remains a challenge, which hinders the disclosure of their previously unknown property and practical applications. Here, we report a method to separate SWCNTs by chiral angle through temperature control of a binary surfactant system of sodium cholate (SC) and SDS in gel chromatography. Eleven types of single-chirality SWCNT species with chiral angle less than 20° were efficiently separated including multiple zigzag and near-zigzag species. Among them, (7, 3), (8, 3), (8, 4), (9, 1), (9, 2), (10, 2), and (11, 1), were produced on the submilligram scale. The spectral detection results indicate that lowering the temperature induced selective adsorption and reorganization of the SC/SDS cosurfactants on SWCNTs with different chiral angles, amplifying their interaction difference with gel. We believe that this work is an important step toward industrial separation of single-chirality zigzag and near-zigzag SWCNTs.

Unique Aggregation of Sterigmatocystin in Water Yields Strong and Specific Circular Dichroism Response Allowing Highly Sensitive and Selective Monitoring of Bio-Relevant Interactions

We demonstrated the hitherto unknown property of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (STC) to provide homogeneous solutions in aqueous medium by forming a unique aggregate type (not formed by analogous aflatoxins), characterized by exceptionally strong circular dichroism (CD) bands in the 300–400 nm range. Results showed that these CD bands do not originate from intrinsic STC chirality but are a specific property of a peculiar aggregation process similar to psi-DNA CD response. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments revealed a fine fiber network resembling a supramolecular gel structure with helical fibers. Thermodynamic studies of aggregates by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed high reversibility of the dominant aggregation process. We demonstrated that the novel STC psi-CD band at 345 nm could be applied at biorelevant conditions (100 nanomolar concentration) and even in marine-salt content conditions for specific and quantitative monitoring of STC. Also, we showed that STC strongly non-covalently interacts with ds-DNA with likely toxic effects, thus contrary to the previous belief requiring prior enzyme epoxidation.

Forces inside hadrons: Pressure, surface tension, mechanical radius, and all that

The physics related to the form factors of the energy–momentum tensor spans a wide spectrum of problems, and includes gravitational physics, hard-exclusive reactions, hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia, and the physics of exotic hadrons described as hadroquarkonia. It also provides access to the “last global unknown property:” the D-term. We review the physics associated with the form factors of the energy–momentum tensor and the D-term, their interpretations in terms of mechanical properties, their applications, and the current experimental status.

Mining spatial–temporal motion pattern for vessel recognition

Approaches of vessel recognition are mostly accomplished by sensing targets and extracting target features, without taking advantage of spatial and temporal motion features. With maritime situation management systems widely applied, vessels’ spatial and temporal state information can be obtained by many kinds of distributed sensors, which is easy to achieve long-time accumulation but are often forgotten in databases. In order to get valuable information from large-scale stored trajectories for unknown vessel recognition, a spatial and temporal constrained trajectory similarity model and a mining algorithm based on spatial and temporal constrained trajectory similarity are proposed in this article by searching trajectories with similar motion features. Based on the idea of finding matching points between trajectories, baseline matching points are first defined to provide time reference for trajectories at different time, then the almost matching points are obtained by setting the spatial and temporal constraints, and the similarity of pairwise almost matching points is defined, which derives the spatial and temporal similarity of trajectories. By searching the matching points from trajectories, the similar motion pattern is extracted. Experiments on real data sets show that the proposed algorithm is useful for similar moving behavior mining from historic trajectories, which can strengthen motion feature with the length increases, and the support for vessel with unknown property is larger than other models.

Known and Unknown, Property and Contract: Comments on Hoofnagle and Moringiello

5 Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 85 (2010)In addition to gerund-noun-noun titles and a concern with the misaligned incentives of businesses that handle consumers' financial data, Chris Hoofnagle's Internalizing Identity Theft and Juliet Moringiello's Warranting Data Security share something else: hidden themes. Hoofnagle's paper is officially about an empirical study of identity theft, but behind the scenes it's also an exploration of where we draw the line between public information shared freely and secret information used to authenticate individuals. Moringiello's paper is officially a proposal for a new warranty of secure handling of payment information, but under the surface, it invites us to think about the relationship between property and contract in the payment system. Parts I and II, respectively, of this brief essay explore these hidden themes in Hoofnagle's and Moringiello's articles. I hope the exercise tells us something interesting about these two papers, and also about the problems of privacy and security in the payment system. A brief conclusion adds a personal note to the mix.

EFFECT OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF WINE ON THE GLYCEMIC, LIPID AND BODY WEIGHT HOMEOSTASIS IN MICE

ABSTRACT Background: The health benefits associated with moderate wine consumption, as with ethanol and phenolic compounds, include different mechanisms still little understandable. Aim: Evaluate glycemic and weight variations, and the deposit of triglycerides, cholesterol and liver glycogen with red wine consumption. Methods: 60 ApoE knockout mice were divided into three groups of 20: Wine Group (WG), Ethanol Group (EG) and Water Group (WAG). They received daily: WG 50 ml of wine and 50 ml water; EG 6 ml ethanol and WAG 94 ml of water. All groups were followed for four months. The food intake was monitored daily, in the period from eight to ten hours and held every five days. The measurement of water intake was also made every five days. The weighing of the animals took place every ten days. Results: The WG had higher weight increase as compared to the other groups. The concentration of hepatic triglyceride was higher in WG (57%) and the EG group was lower (31.6%, p<0.01) than the control. The concentration of cholesterol was lower in the WG (23.6%), as well as EG (24.5%, p<0.05). The concentration of glycogen was higher in WG (16%) and fasting blood glucose was higher in EG compared to the other groups but not both demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The WG increased triglyceride and WAG decreased cholesterol. The triglyceride may be increased due to the high caloric value of wine or some unknown property that led to significant increase in subcutaneous andretroperitoneal fat in mice.

On the origin of frequency modulation of serpentine emission

We consider a problem of the interpretation of the so-called &#34;serpentine emission&#34; (SE), which is ULF electromagnetic emission in the range of Pc1–2 (0.1–5 Hz) found in Antarctica. A distinctive feature of SE complicating its understanding within the standard theory of the magnetospheric oscillations is a deep modulation of the SE carrier-frequency. The characteristic time of the frequency modulation varies from case to case from 1 minute to 1 hour. It is assumed that the frequency-modulated oscillations penetrate into the polar caps from the interplanetary medium, where they are excited in the form of ion-cyclotron waves as a result of the instability of plasma with anisotropic ion velocity distribution. To verify the hypothesis of the SE extra-magnetospheric origin a test is proposed. A previously unknown property of SE is discovered, which supports the hypothesis. The property is that at times the emission carrier frequency undergoes a pronounced 5-minute modulation. Apparently, a 5-minute modulation SE is genetically related to the 5-minute oscillations of the solar photosphere.

The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex has a specific role in the activation of Chk1 in response to stalled replication forks

The activation of Chk1 in response to stalled replication forks in Xenopus egg extracts involves a complex pathway containing ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 (TopBP1), Rad17, the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) complex, and Claspin. We have observed that egg extracts lacking the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex show greatly, although not completely, reduced activation of Chk1 in response to replication blockages. Depletion of both Rad17 and MRN leads to a further, essentially complete, reduction in the activation of Chk1. Thus, Rad17 and MRN act in at least a partially additive manner in promoting activation of Chk1. There was not an obvious change in the binding of RPA, ATR, Rad17, or the 9-1-1 complex to chromatin in aphidicolin (APH)-treated, MRN-depleted extracts. However, there was a substantial reduction in the binding of TopBP1. In structure–function studies of the MRN complex, we found that the Mre11 subunit is necessary for the APH-induced activation of Chk1. Moreover, a nuclease-deficient mutant of Mre11 cannot substitute for wild-type Mre11 in this process. These results indicate that the MRN complex, in particular the nuclease activity of Mre11, plays an important role in the activation of Chk1 in response to stalled replication forks. These studies reveal a previously unknown property of the MRN complex in genomic stability.

SELECTION OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT STORAGE WALL

The paper discusses a method of the multilayered heat storage wall. Initial data: walls are multilayered, heat conductivity process is considered being one-dimensional, climatic factors and power supplied are periodic functions of time. In the paper mathematical and numerical models are presented. A mathematical model is constituted of a system of differential equations which describe heat conduction in material layers, equation of heat balance and boundary conditions system. Solving equations with regard to unknown property which has been recognized as a crucial parameter in the task one can obtain a real numeric value of the parameter. The paper is illustrated by the nomograms of calculated accumulating layer thickness and the scheme of an algorithm designed to calculate the thickness of accumulating layer.