Influence of the orientation and the angle of inclination in the metal roof

Postmodern architecture is responsible for carrying out the building distributions of the urban canyon of cities; For this, it provides the tools required to adjust the territory to social, economic, and environmental needs. One of these tools is aimed at the applicability of construction strategies such as the correct solar orientation. The present investigation of an experimental nature, carried out in the Crucita parish of Ecuador, evaluates the thermal temperatures inside two houses in their current state, assessing it in two prototypes with one water and two waters on the four cardinal orientations: with four different angles of inclination of the cover. Where it was determined that the thermal comfort inside that provides the least increase in temperature is for the house with a roof facing west, with an angle of inclination greater than 20°.

Listeriosis Outbreak in Sheep Raised in Feedlots in the Southern Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Background: A listeriosis outbreak in a sheep fattening feedlot in the Southern Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil is described. This disease is caused by Listeria monocytogenes and represents a risk to public health since it affects not only ruminants but also humans. This agent is widely spread in the environment, such as in the soil and water. It is also found in decaying vegetable matter and the feces and fluids of domestic animals. The aim of this study was to describe a listeriosis outbreak in sheep raised in feedlots, its epidemiology, and to establish the importance of this disease in this type of sheep management system, evaluate the possible sources of infection, and suggest ways to control it.Cases: Sheep were kept in a 2-sector shed, one with east solar orientation and the other with west solar orientation, the latter with free access to domestic birds. Sheep were fed silage and concentrate. Seven sheep were affected, 5 died and 2 recovered. Clinically, the sheep displayed loss of balance, excessive drooling, and tremors; one exhibited circling, head deviation, apathy, nystagmus, lateral recumbency, paddling, and labored breathing. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions were not found, and histologically several micro-abscesses and perivascular cuffs with lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils were present in the brain stem. Listeria monocytogenes suspected colonies were observed in the microbiological culture, and the bacteria was identified by biochemical analysis. The immunohistochemistry test in brain stem sections was positive for the antibody BD DifcoTM Listeria O Antiserum Poly Serotypes 1 and 4.Discussion: A listeriosis outbreak in a feedlot sheep was confirmed through epidemiological findings, histological lesions, bacterial culture, and immunohistochemistry analysis. This infection is frequent in sheep fed silage of poor quality or other food with improper storage and lack of hygiene. In the present outbreak, the bacteria were isolated from silage. However, it is likely that domestic birds, which were raised in the same place and had free access to the west sector of the feedlot, were the initial source of infection, because the sheep from the opposite sector (east) did not get ill. The disease caused by environmental contamination or through contact with fluids and feces of ducks, chickens, cattle, and pigs has already been described in outbreaks that occurred in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Sheep aggregation in feedlot systems is also a favorable factor for the development of the bacteria and the occurrence of outbreaks because the accumulation of feces and urine cause humidity on the stalls. This allows outbreaks to occur in other seasons of the year, such as in the outbreak reported herein. The exchange of silage that served as food for sheep was another control measure, and new cases were not reported 8 months after these procedures were taken. In the outbreak studied, 2 sheep that exhibited clinical signs were treated with oxytetracycline and recovered. Some authors report that treatment for listeriosis is inefficient because neurological lesions are irreversible. Nonetheless, other studies have reported the recovery of some animals when they were treated with oxytetracycline or a combination of oxytetracycline and dexamethasone or ampicillin and gentamicin like in the outbreak described in this paper.Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, central nervous system, silage, feedlot, ovine.

Calculation of the aerodynamic torque in the problems of mathematical modeling of the attitude motion of spacecraft Progress

We describe the method of representation the aerodynamic torque in problems of mathematical modeling uncontrolled attitude motion of spacecraft Progress. The components of the torque are calculated in the nodes of the grid on the two-dimensional sphere. The calculations were based on the detailed geometric model of the spacecraft external surface. The found arrays of torque data were approximated by the segments of the Fourier series by spherical functions up to the order (8,8) inclusive. These approximations are used in the equations of attitude motion of the spacecraft. We describe the use of such equations in reconstruction of the motion of spacecraft Progress MS-07, MS-08 in the gravitational orientation mode by measurements of their angular rates and in the prognosis of electric charge from the solar arrays of the spacecraft in the mode of its single-axis solar orientation.

Design of a Solar Modified Greenhouse Prototype

In India there are variety of crops and fruits produced every year. The process of drying in India is generally performed in direct solar radiation also known as solar drying, but this method is not effective. The higher content of moisture in the crops and fruits damage on large scale. Thus, moisture content should be controlled by an effective way to avoid further loss of crops and fruits. The innovative technique i.e. Solar Greenhouse can be an effective way to avoid loss of crops and fruits, thereby improving the lifecycle. In this study the design parameter of solar modified greenhouse prototype is discussed. The various parameters in the design of greenhouse are glazing materials, energy conservation, ventilation methods and solar orientation. With the help of solar modified greenhouse prototype, it is possible to carry out experimental validation for drying of crops and fruits assisted with Phase Change Material as a Thermal Energy Storage.

Sonnenpartituren

The article describes forms of solar orientation in dramas of German Naturalism. Starting from Ibsen’s Gengangere and Hauptmann’s Vor Sonnenaufgang, it claims that the crisis of drama is reflected in the ways in which the sun is related to the dramatic process and involved in dramatic finalization. By staging and addressing the sun, Naturalist dramatists discuss problems of temporal organization and energetical maintenance of a form in dissolution. In an array of dramas and in a densely woven network of intertextual references, they experiment with evocations of negative solarity. The modern sun is no longer a resource of meaning and source of life, it has turned into an indifferent, disenchanted and even hostile star that no longer addresses the human world.

Vincenzo Scamozzi : ¿pionero del ‘diseño ambiental’? = Vincenzo Scamozzi : Pioneer of Environmental Design

ResumenPublicada por Vincenzo Scamozzi en 1615, la Idea dell’architettura universale es una suerte de enciclopedia avant la lettre que compendia el conocimiento que habían ido atesorando los arqui­tectos italianos desde mediados del siglo XV. Se trata, además, de una obra sin parangón en el Renacimiento en lo que toca a su aproximación holística y compleja a las dimensiones medioam­bientales de la arquitectura, desde escalas muy diversas y abarcando temas que van desde la descripción del territorio hasta el diseño de las ventanas, los pórticos o los jardines, pasando por el análisis de la orientación solar, la atención a los vientos dominantes o el estudio de la disponib­ilidad de agua o la iluminación natural en cada contexto. En su empeño, Scamozzi no solo reinter­preta la tradición del higienismo hipocrático —recogida por Vitruvio y desarrollada por Aberti y Pal­ladio—, sino que la actualiza y enriquece aplicando a la arquitectura las importantes innovaciones que los científicos de la época habían hecho en campos como la geografía, la óptica y la hidráulica.AbstractPublished by Vincenzo Scamozzi in 1615, Idea dell’architettura universale is something of an avant la lettre encyclopedia of knowledge compiled by Italian architects since the mid-15th century. It is, moreover, unmatched in the Renaissance in what concerns its complex, holistic approach to the environmental dimensions of architecture, taken from very different scales and embracing themes ranging from the description of territories to the design of windows, porticos, or gardens, and along the way including an analysis of solar orientation, attention to dominant winds, and a study of the availability of water, natural light, and other resources in each context. In this work Scamozzi does not only reinterpret the tradition of Hippocratic hygienism as recorded by Vitruvius and developed by Alberti and Palladio; he also updates and enriches it by applying to architecture the major inno­vations scientists of the period had made in fields like geography, optics, and hydraulics.

Multivariate Data Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Portuguese Residential Building Stock

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between solar orientation, age (constructive characterization) and energy performance of Portuguese residential building stock and to assess the usefulness of exploring the Portuguese National System for Energy and Indoor Air Quality Certification of Buildings (SCE) database through multivariate analysis techniques. By using principal components technique, it was possible to condense the residential units’ features to only four principal components (PC): solar orientation; constructive characterization; geometry and energy performance, making information more workable. Grouping the entities into Clusters with favourable and unfavourable solar orientation and old buildings allowed to dilute the particularities of each entity, facilitating the interpretation of the data through generalization. A regression model was generated in order to explore/confirm which factors influence summer comfort the most. Using this approach, it was illustrated that the exploration of the SCE database through multivariate data analyses has an enormous potential to convert data into knowledge.