Bashkirs of Samara Transvolga Region: Inclusion into Russian Imperial Space in the 18th–19th Centuries

This article focuses on the participation Bashkirs took in the development of Transvolga Region. The lands in Samara Province were the most western ones in Russia where the Bashkir population lived compactly. Historical studies of the region and the population living there between the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries refer to documents of central and local archives, manuscripts of the Russian National Library, etc. Critical analysis of sources and historiography and the application of modern techniques of local and ethnic history allows the author not only to solve research problems, but also look at the past while constructing historical and cultural memory. In the “imperial period”, the problem of correlating the ethnic and local history was complicated by the resettlement of peoples in different territories over considerable distances. The transformation of Volga Region into an internal Samara province of the empire, on the one hand, was due to the mobilisation of part of the estates of Bashkir lands, which occurred both forcibly and voluntarily. On the other hand, the loss by the Bashkirs of mostly remote and underutilised Transvolga estates was compensated for by receiving the status of a military service class, the presence of self-government, and the possibility of modernising the economy, culture, and life. As a result, the territories of the ethnos’s settlement were preserved and expanded, its undoubted numerical growth took place, amounting to more than a tenfold increase over two centuries nationwide. In the middle of the nineteenth century, about 50 thousand Bashkirs lived in Transvolga Region. The author provides a definition of the “imperial people” on the basis of active participation in the genesis of the empire, especially in the process of including “peripheral lands”. The Bashkirs are certainly an “imperial people” and Samara Transvolga Region is one of the “peripheral lands” included in the economic, political, and multicultural space of the Russian Empire, which was important for the further development of the entire multi-ethnic country.

Приемы возделывания арбуза на семена

Приведена оценка эффективности приемов выращивания арбуза столового на семенные цели в условиях Волгоградского Заволжья в 2015 2016 годах. Показано значение использования регуляторов роста и способов обработки почвы на урожайность, рост и развитие растений арбуза столового и выход семян с единицы площади. Определены оптимальные приемы предпосевной обработки почвы и семян при выращивании арбуза столового на семенные цели.Effectiveness of methods of growing watermelon table for seed purposes in the conditions of the Volgograd TransVolga region in 2015 2016 is evaluated. The importance of the use of growth regulators and methods of tillage on the yield, growth and development of watermelon plants and seed yield per unit area is shown. The optimal methods of seedbed and seed preparation for growing watermelon for seed purposes.

Silvicultural growth models of the formation of Quercus Robur in the black earth zone conditions of the steppe of the South of Russia

В пределах территории европейской части России зона степей занимает более 60 млн. гектаров. Степи представлены на Южном Урале, на Волге, на Дону, в Предкавказье, в Заволжье. Выращивая степные насаждения, специалисты всегда сталкиваются с большими проблемами, в первую очередь связанными с природными условиями. Именно природные условия обуславливают особые подходы в проектировании, создании и выращивании лесных культур. Одной из основных древесных пород в условиях черноземной зоны Юга России является дуб черешчатый. При выращивании культуры дуба возникает много второстепенных вопросов, касающихся выбора сопутствующих пород, схем смешения и размещения, густоты в разные возрастные периоды. Другими словами, важным моментом при формировании искусственных насаждений дуба черешчатого является информация о лесоводственных моделях. Ведь, именно знание модели поведения насаждений в разные возрастные периоды позволит вырастить продуктивные и устойчивые насаждения, которые в полной мере будут выполнять отведенную функцию в нашей степной зоне защитную Целью представленной работы является анализ хода роста дуба черешчатого в смешении с разными древесными и кустарниковыми породами и разработка их лесоводственных моделей применительно к условиям черноземной зоны Юга России. Within the territory of the European part of Russia, the steppe zone covers more than 60 million hectares. The steppes are represented in the Southern Urals, on the Volga, on the Don, in Ciscaucasia, in the TransVolga region. Growing up steppe plantings, specialists always face big problems, primarily related to natural conditions. It is natural conditions that cause special approaches in the design, creation and cultivation of forest crops. One of the main tree species in the black earth zone of the South of Russia is pedunculate oak. During the cultivation of oak culture, many minor issues arise concerning the selection of accompanying breeds, schemes of mixing and placement, density in different age periods. In other words, an important point in the formation of artificial stands of pedunculate oak is information about silvicultural models. After all, it is the knowledge of the model of behavior of plantations in different age periods that will allow to grow productive and sustainable plantations that will fully perform the assigned function in our steppe zone protective The aim of the present work is to analyze the course of growth of pedunculate oak mixed with different tree and shrub species and to develop their silvicultural models for the conditions of the black earth zone of southern Russia.

Productivity of red beet upon the application of humic substances and chelated microfertilizers on irrigated dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Transvolga region

In 2013-2015 there was studied the effectiveness of products based on humic acids and chelated microfertilizers during red beet cultivation on irrigated dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Transvolga region. The objects of the study were products produced by Life Force LLC, RPE and Bordo red beet variety. The purpose of the research was to determine the most effective application methods of humic acid salts and fertilizers, containing micro (boron, manganese), meso (calcium) and macro (nitrogen), which can increase the productivity of root crops and improve their quality. In field experiments it has been established that spraying vegetative plants of red beet with a solution of Reasil® micro Hydra Mix increased the yield of commercial root crops by 7.17 t/ha for an average of three years (by 28 % to control). The application of a K-Humate-Na increased the yield by 3.26 t/ha (by 13% to the control). The maximum yield of root crops within our experiments was obtained with the application of Reasil B along with Reasil® micro Hydramix (34.02 t/ha). Similar results were obtained with the combination of Reasil® micro Hydramix and Reasil® Carb-N-Humic. As a rule, the fertilizers, applied in the experiments, had a positive effect on the yield of commercial products and lowering the proportion of substandard products. Humic acid salts and chelated fertilizers enhanced the accumulation of dry matter, increased the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the amount of sugar and vitamin C in fruits. The content of nitrate nitrogen in fruits was about 13-14 times lower than maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The removal of macronutrients from the soil with the yield of red beet was increased significantly under the influence of humic acid salts and fertilizers.

Effect of humic products and chelated microfertilizers on carrot productivity during irrigation

Life Force LLC, RPE products were studied on irrigated dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Transvolga region. The objects of the studies were Chantenay carrot variety and products, containing humic acids, as well as macro (nitrogen), meso (calcium, magnesium and trace elements). The purpose of the research is to determine the most effective combinations of humic acid salts and chelated micronutrient fertilizers that provide a substantial increase in the yield of carrots. It is established that spraying carrots with a solution of Reasil® micro Hydro Mix increased the harvest of standard root crops by 1.85 т/ha for an average of three years (by 7% to the control). When using K- Humate -Na with micronutrients the yield increased by 5.51 t/ha (by 20% to the control). The maximum productivity of carrot within our experiments was obtained with the double application of Reasil® Carb-N-Humic along with K-Humate -Na with micronutrients (35.88 t / ha). Similar results (35.69 t / ha) were obtained when Reasil Ca-Mg-B Animo was used along with K- Humate -Na with micronutrients. The growth of carrots and the formation of the crop were significantly influenced by the weather conditions of vegetation season. The studied products had a positive effect on the output of standard root crops, the content of sugars, vitamin A and nutrients. The content of nitrate nitrogen in all variants of the experiments was almost the same and about 4 times lower than the maximal permissible concentration (MPC). The removal of macronutrients from the soil with the carrot yield increased under the influence of microelement fertilizers.