Hyperbaric Oxygen Combined with Alginate Oligosaccharide Delay D-gal-induced Liver, Kidney and Spleen Senescence in Mice by Attenuating Oxidative Stress

Objectives Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) is an adjuvant therapy progressively applied in the treatment of clinical diseases, and alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a natural polysaccharide with excellent antioxidant property. In this study, the effects of HBOT combined with AOS on the senescence on liver, kidney and spleen were investigated in a D-galactose (D-gal) -induced senescent mice model. Results The findings indicated that HBOT combined with AOS could delay D-gal-induced aging of liver, kidney and spleen in mice. Specifically, HBOT combined with AOS improved the daily behavior and organ indices of mice. Biochemical and morphological analyses of all tissues indicated that HBOT combined with AOS markedly decreased the unusual elevation of ALT, AST and CREA induced by D-gal, alleviated pathological injury, and significantly enhanced the capacity of antioxidant defense system of mice, including increaing T-SOD, CAT AND GSH-Px activities and decreasing MDA content . In addition, Western Blot results indicated that HBOT combined with AOS also inhibited the overexpression of aging-related proteins p53 and p16. Conclusions To some extent, these findings suggest that HBOT combined with AOS has significant anti-senescence potential in D-gal-induced senescent mice, and the underlying factors may be correlated with the enhancement of antioxidant defense capacity.

Gut-testis axis: microbiota-(n-3) PUFA improving semen quality in type 1 diabetes

Gut dysbiosis and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are closely related, and gut dysbiosis and male infertility are correlated, too. Moreover, most male T1D patients are of active reproductive age. Therefore, it is crucial to explore possible means for improving their semen quality. Here, we found that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) improved gut microbiota (A10-FMT) significantly decreased blood glucose and glycogen, and increased semen quality in streptozotocin-induced T1D subjects. A10-FMT improved T1D-disturbed gut microbiota, especially the increase in small intestinal lactobacillus, and blood and testicular metabolome to produce n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to ameliorate spermatogenesis and semen quality. Moreover, A10-FMT can improve spleen and liver function to strengthen the systemic environment for sperm development. FMT from gut microbiota of control animals (Con-FMT) produced some beneficial effects; however, to a smaller extent. Thus, AOS improved gut microbiota may be a useful protocol for improving semen quality and male fertility in T1D patients.

Alginate oligosaccharide/polysaccharide and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus FNCC–0041 & Streptococcus thermophilus FNCC–0040) as immunostimulants against pathogenic Vibrio spp. using Artemia bio model

Alginate polysaccharide/oligosaccharide (APS/AOS) has been proven as a good immunostimulant. FNCC–0041 & FNCC–0040 are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing exopolysaccharides. Vibrio bacteria are pathogenic for aquatic cultivans. This study determines the performance of APS/AOS in combination with LAB as immunostimulants. These were conducted in Artemia challenge test assay against three species of Vibrio spp., namely Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp), V. harveyi (Vh), and V. vulnificus (Vv). The treatments were prepared by Factorial Design with two factors (APS/AOS doses and Vibrio spp.) and replicated three times. The APS/AOS concentration was 0, 300, 600, 900 ppm. There were 8 levels of vibrio challenges, namely non-Vibrio, Vp, Vh, Vv, Vp-Vh, Vh-Vp, Vv-Vp, and Vp-Vh-Vv. LAB and APS/AOS were fermented with seawater encapsulated by newly hatched Artemia’s nauplii for one hour. Ten nauplii were taken out and challenged with 108 cells/mL Vibrio. Its survival rate (SR) was counted every six hours until reached 100% mortality. Results show that SR of all nauplii Artemia bio encapsulated treatments was higher than control (p<0.05). The best survival rate was reached from 400 ppm AOS. It has appeared that there is a synergically positive effect among the bio encapsulated AOS and LAB to accelerate the Artemia’s immune system.

Alginate oligosaccharides can maintain activities of lysosomes under low pH condition

The objective of this study was to report that lysosome extracted from egg white could be used as a drug through oral administration for treating diseases by using pH sensitive alginate oligosaccharides. Lysosome-alginate oligosaccharides composite were formulated for oral administration of lysosomes. The dissolution test confirmed the availability of the oral dosage form. When lysosome were used as an independent drug, the activity of protein was lost due to influence of low pH. Its antibacterial activity was also remarkably reduced. However, when lysosome-alginate oligosaccharides composite form was used, antimicrobial activity of lysozyme was maintained. At low pH, a gel-like matrix was formed by alginate oligosaccharides to protect the lysosome. When the pH was increased, alginate oligosaccharides were dissolved and the lysosome was released. SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of released lysosomes revealed that alginate oligosaccharide could effectively protect the lysosome from degradation or hydrolysis under acidic conditions for at least 2 h. The results of this study are important for application of lysosomes as therapeutic agents, and also it was confirmed that alginate oligosaccharides have potential as direct delivery system for the oral application of protein derived therapies.