Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Extraction to Soxhlet Extraction of Mango Seed Kernel Oil using Ethanol and n-Hexane as Solvents

Mango seed kernel oil was extracted by Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with ethanol and n-hexane as extraction solvents. To optimize the extraction condition for SE, the temperature was set to 90°C for ethanol and 80°C for n-hexane with varying solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F ratio) of 75/12, 75/10, and 60/6 mL/g. As for MAE, the same S/F ratios were considered. Extraction was done for 5, 10, and 15 minutes with microwave power levels of 120 and 240 W. It was found out that the highest yield per extraction process for SE was: 18.00±0.25 % and 9.38±2.03 % using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively; and 6.69±0.05 % and 4.68±0.06 %using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively for MAE. It was also noted that MAE, with the microwave power level of 120 W has less extraction time for about 15 minutes as compared to SE of 8 hours. Also, the best S/F ratio in this study is 60/6 for all processes. In oil quality determination, the oil extracted was examined through several tests such as FTIR, GC-MS, acid value, % FFA, iodine value, saponification value, and melting point. It was noted that oil extracted in ethanol has a better yield compared to that of n-hexane but the oil extracted using n-hexane would provide superior quality.

Evaluation of mango seed kernel and pineapple peels as carbon sources for microbial protease production

Proteolytic enzymes are ubiquitous in occurrence and find multiple applications in various industrial sectors. Although there are many microbial sources available for producing proteases, only a few are recognized as commercial producers. Utilization and recycling of renewable resources that pose threat to the environment can be systematically carried out to bring about resource productivity needed to make human activity sustainable. In the present study, we evaluated the phytochemical, antimicrobial, and protease production ability of mango seed kernel and pineapple peels. The proximate compositions and antimicrobial analysis of Mango seed kernel and pineapple peels were evaluated using standard protocols. We evaluated the protease production of Bacillus megaterium using the mango seed kernel and pineapple peels as the carbon sources. Our results revealed that mango seed kernel has low moisture, ash and crude fibre content but has high oil and crude protein content while pineapple peels have high moisture and fibre content but low in ash, crude protein and oil content. Mango seed extract also demonstrated antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, less sensitive to B. megaterium and no activity against A. niger. However, the pineapple peel extracted is highly sensitive to B. subtilis and S aureus but demonstrated no activity against P. aeroginosa and A niger. The B. megaterium exhibited higher protease production ability when mango seed kernel was used as a carbon source at all tested concentrations. In conclusion, the information obtained from proximate and antimicrobial analysis of mango seed kernel and pineapple peels serves as a guide for the possible utilization as carbon sources for microbial enzyme production. Thus, both pineapple peel and mango seed kernel can be bio-remediated when used as carbon sources for protease production.

Isolasi, karakterisasi, identifikasi, dan uji aktivitas antibakteri trigliserida biji mangga golek (Mangifera indica Linn)

There has been research on the isolation, characterization, and identification of triglyceride seeds of mango golek (Mangiifera indica Linn) and its activity as antibacterial. Isolation process by maceration and soxhlet produces smooth component as triglycerides and was creamy white in colour. These golek mango seed kernel triglicerides has melting point 34-36 degree celcius, soluble in hexane, chloroform, acetone, and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in methanol and insoluble in water, has a carbon-carbon double bond, acid number of 2.8, saponification number of 336.6, and iodine number of 25.4. The GC-MS anlysis of methyl ester shown fatty acids contain in golek mango seed kernel triglicerides. The fatty acids are hexadecanoic (26.31 percent), heptadecanoic (0.6 percent), 9-octadecenoic (28.70 percent), octadecanoic (25.86 percent), 11-eicosenoic (1.74 percent), eicosenoic (11.20 percent), docosanoic (2.47 percent), and tetracosanoic acid (2.39 percent). Triglycerides of golek mango seed kernel has no potential as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai isolasi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi trigliserida biji mangga golek (Mangiifera indica Linn) serta aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri. Isolasi dilakukan dengan maserasi dan soxhletasi menggunakan aseton diperoleh komponen padatan lunak berwarna putih kekuningan. Trigliserida biji mangga golek ini mempunyai titik lebur 34-36 derajat celcius, larut dalam heksana, kloroform, aseton, dan etil asetat, sedikit larut dalam metanol, tidak larut dalam air, memiliki ikatan rangkap C=C, mempunyai bilangan asam 2,8, bilangan penyabunan 336,6, dan bilangan iod 25,4. Analisis secara GC-MS terhadap metil ester hasil trans-esterifikasi trigliserida biji mangga golek diperoleh informasi asam lemak penyusunnya. Asam-asam lemak tersebut adalah asam heksadekanoat (26,31 persen), heptadekanoat (0,60 persen), 9-oktadekenoat (28,70 persen), oktadekanoat (25,86 persen), 11-eikosenoat (1,74 persen), eikosenoat (11,20 persen), dokosanoat (2,47 persen), dan tetrakosanoat (2,39 persen). Trigliserida biji mangga golek tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus.

Production and characterization of biodiesel from mango seed oil (MSO)

Biodiesel in the past, was once considered a fringe fuel. However today, the production and consumption of this fuel has grown as a sustainable and much more eco-friendly alternative to the Conventional diesel (Petroleum diesel), for diesel engines; if not in pure form, it will be in blends of different ratios, or as a fuel additive, to improve engine performance and ensure longevity. In this research, oil from Mango (Mangifera indica) seed was extracted through Soxhlet solvent process, and converted into biodiesel by the method of Transesterification. This process involved the reaction between the extracted oil and methanol at an optimal temperature of 60°C, and 1%w/v of the catalyst (KOH) concentration for optimal yield of biodiesel. The produced biodiesel was analyzed and evaluated by comparing its physical characteristics to that of Conventional (petroleum) diesel fuel. The properties analyzed were; Density, Heating value, flash point, specific gravity, viscosity, cloud point, water content and pour point. The biodiesel from mango seed oil (MSO) compared excellently well with the values obtained for the commercially available petroleum diesel, dispensed at government approved filling stations in Nigeria. The biodiesel so produced and characterized, was subsequently subjected to an engine test, in a four-stroke internal compression (IC), (diesel) engine loaded between 120 – 200 rpm, to determine its suitability as a fuel. The result was compared with the Conventional diesel characteristics in terms of brake power output, mass flow rate, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption (SFC) and so on. The biodiesel results compared very well with most of the data generated on the conventional diesel, and satisfied the ASTM-D6751 and the EN14214 standard requirements for suitability as working fluid in an IC engine, especially with regard to SFC, which translates to the direct running cost of every diesel engine.

Use of a Gemini-Surfactant Synthesized from the Mango Seed Oil as a CO2-Corrosion Inhibitor for X-120 Steel

A gemini surfactant imidazoline type, namely N-(3-(2-fatty-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) propyl) fatty amide, has been obtained from the fatty acids contained in the mango seed and used as a CO2 corrosion inhibitor for API X-120 pipeline steel. Employed techniques involved potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These tests were supported by detailed scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy studies. It was found that obtained gemini surfactant greatly decreases the steel corrosion rate by retarding both anodic and cathodic electrochemical reactions, with an efficiency that increases with an increase in its concentration. Gemini surfactant inhibits the corrosion of steel by the adsorption mechanism, and it is adsorbed on to the steel surface according to a Langmuir model in a chemical type of adsorption. SEM and Raman results shown the presence of the inhibitor on the steel surface.