Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Extraction to Soxhlet Extraction of Mango Seed Kernel Oil using Ethanol and n-Hexane as Solvents

Mango seed kernel oil was extracted by Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with ethanol and n-hexane as extraction solvents. To optimize the extraction condition for SE, the temperature was set to 90°C for ethanol and 80°C for n-hexane with varying solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F ratio) of 75/12, 75/10, and 60/6 mL/g. As for MAE, the same S/F ratios were considered. Extraction was done for 5, 10, and 15 minutes with microwave power levels of 120 and 240 W. It was found out that the highest yield per extraction process for SE was: 18.00±0.25 % and 9.38±2.03 % using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively; and 6.69±0.05 % and 4.68±0.06 %using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively for MAE. It was also noted that MAE, with the microwave power level of 120 W has less extraction time for about 15 minutes as compared to SE of 8 hours. Also, the best S/F ratio in this study is 60/6 for all processes. In oil quality determination, the oil extracted was examined through several tests such as FTIR, GC-MS, acid value, % FFA, iodine value, saponification value, and melting point. It was noted that oil extracted in ethanol has a better yield compared to that of n-hexane but the oil extracted using n-hexane would provide superior quality.

Evaluation of mango seed kernel and pineapple peels as carbon sources for microbial protease production

Proteolytic enzymes are ubiquitous in occurrence and find multiple applications in various industrial sectors. Although there are many microbial sources available for producing proteases, only a few are recognized as commercial producers. Utilization and recycling of renewable resources that pose threat to the environment can be systematically carried out to bring about resource productivity needed to make human activity sustainable. In the present study, we evaluated the phytochemical, antimicrobial, and protease production ability of mango seed kernel and pineapple peels. The proximate compositions and antimicrobial analysis of Mango seed kernel and pineapple peels were evaluated using standard protocols. We evaluated the protease production of Bacillus megaterium using the mango seed kernel and pineapple peels as the carbon sources. Our results revealed that mango seed kernel has low moisture, ash and crude fibre content but has high oil and crude protein content while pineapple peels have high moisture and fibre content but low in ash, crude protein and oil content. Mango seed extract also demonstrated antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, less sensitive to B. megaterium and no activity against A. niger. However, the pineapple peel extracted is highly sensitive to B. subtilis and S aureus but demonstrated no activity against P. aeroginosa and A niger. The B. megaterium exhibited higher protease production ability when mango seed kernel was used as a carbon source at all tested concentrations. In conclusion, the information obtained from proximate and antimicrobial analysis of mango seed kernel and pineapple peels serves as a guide for the possible utilization as carbon sources for microbial enzyme production. Thus, both pineapple peel and mango seed kernel can be bio-remediated when used as carbon sources for protease production.

Isolasi, karakterisasi, identifikasi, dan uji aktivitas antibakteri trigliserida biji mangga golek (Mangifera indica Linn)

There has been research on the isolation, characterization, and identification of triglyceride seeds of mango golek (Mangiifera indica Linn) and its activity as antibacterial. Isolation process by maceration and soxhlet produces smooth component as triglycerides and was creamy white in colour. These golek mango seed kernel triglicerides has melting point 34-36 degree celcius, soluble in hexane, chloroform, acetone, and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in methanol and insoluble in water, has a carbon-carbon double bond, acid number of 2.8, saponification number of 336.6, and iodine number of 25.4. The GC-MS anlysis of methyl ester shown fatty acids contain in golek mango seed kernel triglicerides. The fatty acids are hexadecanoic (26.31 percent), heptadecanoic (0.6 percent), 9-octadecenoic (28.70 percent), octadecanoic (25.86 percent), 11-eicosenoic (1.74 percent), eicosenoic (11.20 percent), docosanoic (2.47 percent), and tetracosanoic acid (2.39 percent). Triglycerides of golek mango seed kernel has no potential as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai isolasi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi trigliserida biji mangga golek (Mangiifera indica Linn) serta aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri. Isolasi dilakukan dengan maserasi dan soxhletasi menggunakan aseton diperoleh komponen padatan lunak berwarna putih kekuningan. Trigliserida biji mangga golek ini mempunyai titik lebur 34-36 derajat celcius, larut dalam heksana, kloroform, aseton, dan etil asetat, sedikit larut dalam metanol, tidak larut dalam air, memiliki ikatan rangkap C=C, mempunyai bilangan asam 2,8, bilangan penyabunan 336,6, dan bilangan iod 25,4. Analisis secara GC-MS terhadap metil ester hasil trans-esterifikasi trigliserida biji mangga golek diperoleh informasi asam lemak penyusunnya. Asam-asam lemak tersebut adalah asam heksadekanoat (26,31 persen), heptadekanoat (0,60 persen), 9-oktadekenoat (28,70 persen), oktadekanoat (25,86 persen), 11-eikosenoat (1,74 persen), eikosenoat (11,20 persen), dokosanoat (2,47 persen), dan tetrakosanoat (2,39 persen). Trigliserida biji mangga golek tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus.

Partial Purification of Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) from Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) using Alcohol/Salt-based Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS)

Background: Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has applications in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food industries, however, conventional techniques for its purification are considered costly and laborious. Alternative methods of purification are needed. Methods: This study explored the use of an alcohol/salt-based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to partially purify PPO from mango seed kernel (MSK). Specifically, this study determined the effects of 1-propanol/potassium phosphate buffer mass ratio on the partition parameters such as partition coefficients, activity recovery, and purification fold. Results: The enzyme partition coefficient (K E ) was greater than 1, which signified that more PPO was partitioned in the top phase due to its hydrophobic nature. Specifically, the 3.22 1-propanol/PPB mass ratio had the highest K E of 1.91 ± 0.16 and 1.46 ± 0.16 for runs 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, the same mass ratio led to the highest activity recovery in the top phase reaching up to 73.99 ± 1.56% for run 1 and 64.27 ± 2.48% for run 2. In terms of purification fold, runs 1 and 2 had PF values of 0.55 ± 0.05 and 0.70 ± 0.01, respectively. Since the values obtained were low due to the large number of contaminants extracted together with the target enzyme in the top phase, the use of a back-extraction step recovered the PPO in the bottom phase and resulted in an activity recovery of 82.94 ± 1.05% and a purification fold of 7.01 ± 0.95. Conclusion: Results have shown that varying the mass ratio had significant effects on the partition parameters.

Performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed autoclaved mango seed kernel diets

Human and livestock population increase has led to escalating prices of energy feed stuffs used in aquaculture. There have been some researches on various inexpensive agro-industrial by-products as substitutes for maize in fish diets with varying degrees of success. This study investigated the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed with autoclaved Mango seed formulated fish diet as a dietary energy source at different inclusion level. 150 Oreochromis niloticus juveniles with mean weight of 10.24±0.05g were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). The fish were acclimated for two weeks and were allotted to five treatments in plastic tanks (26x46x20cm). Each treatment contained 10 fish per tank. The fish were fed experimental diets at T1:0%, T2: 25%, T3: 50%, T4: 75% and T5: 100% Mango Seed Kernel Meal (MSKM) inclusion levels respectively. The highest Mean weight Gain (MWG) and lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was recorded in Treatment 2: 25% (48.93±4.88); (0.91±0.07) while the lowest MWG and highest FCR was recorded in Treatment 5: 100% (27.30±3.99); (1.47±0.16). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was lower in Treatment 5: 100% when compared to other treatments. Feed intake followed a decreasing order. The blood samples collected showed that there was significant differences (p0.05) In conclusion, growth performance and haematological activity could be best improved by substituting mango seed kernel meal at 75% with no implication on growth and fish health.

LIPID CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGO SEED KERNEL OIL AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES OF FRUIT

In this study, the effect of different stages of ripening, i.e. unripe, semi-ripe and ripe, on quality parameters of oils extracted from the kernels of Mango (Magnifera indica) seeds was investigated. The kernels were oven-dried and oil extracted from them using soxhlet apparatus and n-hexane as solvent. The fatty acid profile, phospholipids, sterol contents and some chemical properties such as saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and acid value of oils obtained from the seeds at different level of maturity were determined. The results show that the oils are rich in saturated fatty acid most especially stearic and palmitic acids varying from 34.36 - 37.86% and 8.84 -10.66 % respectively. The predominant unsaturated fatty acid present in the oils is oleic acid ranging from 41.96 – 45.65 %. For the chemical parameters, the peroxide values (1.82 - 2.23 %) meq/kg, acid values (5.00 – 5.50) mg/KOH/g decreased with fruit maturity. For phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (380 – 451 mg/100 g) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (217.42 - 342.63 mg/100 g) having the highest quantities, they all increased with fruit maturity except sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. Stigmasterol, sitosterol and cholesterol contents of the oils decreased with fruit maturity while Δ-5-avenasterol, campesterol and the cholestanol contents increased with fruit maturity. Sitosterol and stigmasterol and had the highest values at 345.81 - 386.96 mg/100 g and 83.70 – 137.09 mg/100 g respectively. Conclusively, the kernel oils have potential for use as domestic and industrially as a non-conventional source of vegetable oil in chocolate and confectionery products.

EFFECT OF REPLACING MAIZE WITH GRADED LEVEL OF MANGO-SEED KERNEL MEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS CHICKS AND CHICKENS

Eighty day-old broiler chicken were fed diets in which maize was replaced weight for weight with mango seed-kernel meal at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels during starter and finisher phases of four weeks each. No significance differences (p>0.05) were observe in the final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, mortality, feed conversion efficiency and feed efficiency ratio among the chicks. During the starter phase, the highest feed intake value (2001.81 g/birds) was recorded for diet IV and the least value was obtained for diet I (control diet). During the finisher phase, however, the least feed intake value (773.24 g/bird) was obtained in respect of diet I while feed intake values were similarly high for others diets. It was, therefore, concluded that mango seed-kernel meal could be utilized by broiler chicks during the starter and finisher phase and it could serve as an alternative energy source to maize in broiler starter and finisher diets.