MODERN ASPECTS IN DIAGNOSIS OF TONGUE`S PARAFUNCTIONS (LITERATURE REWIEV)

The aim: To analyze modern research methods that allow to determine the features of the position of the tongue during the functions of swallowing and speech. Materials and methods: An analysis of 37 literature sources, which contains information about the methods of examination of patients with dento-maxillar anomalies. Conclusions: The functions of the tongue (swallowing and speaking) are very complex and coordinated movements that require the activation of many anatomical structures. Therefore, the disorders of the tongue during swallowing and speech are still considered by scientists as the most difficult in terms of correction and achieving of the long-term and stable results of orthodontic treatment. The study of modern trends in the diagnosis of the state of language functions in terms of understanding the functioning of the dental-maxillary area as a masticatory organ, the work and condition of the components of which depend on many systems of the human body, is relevant. Thus, the emergence of new and modifications of existing research methods undoubtedly expand the capabilities of modern orthodontists. However, this does not reduce the importance of the clinical stage of examination of patients with disorders of the maxillofacial area, including the functions of the tongue. Therefore, it is necessary to know and understand the advantages and disadvantages of modern and existing research technologies, which will allow to choose a communicatively integrated and differentiated approach to diagnostic issues in each clinical case.

THE FEATURES OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MALOCCLUSION AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS

The effectiveness of the developed algorithm of clinical and laboratory stages of treatment of patients with malocclusion, complicated TMD was proved by the evaluation of objective criteria for functional restoration of masticatory organ. The study group consisted of 24 patients with malocclusion of varying degrees of severity and various clinical manifestations of TMD. Everyone had a clinical examination and electromyography of masticatory muscles at the beginning of orthodontic treatment, after 1, 3 months of functional correction. After the first stage of orthodontic treatment by using of the proposed method a physiological muscle balance, the absence of complaints and symptoms of TMD were found in all patients.

Dental aspects of hearing impairment in children – aetiology, classifications, diagnostic programmes, rehabilitation. A literature review

A literature review was performed to present the epidemiology of hearing impairment both worldwide and in Poland. Pre-and postnatal risk factors were assessed. The paper presents classifications of hearing impairment considering different factors, as well as the method of neonatal hearing screening in Poland. Diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation methods for patients with hearing loss were described. The paper further describes oral health in deaf and hardly hearing children in Poland and worldwide, as well as implications of hearing impairment on the masticatory organ. Several factors, such as insufficient hygiene, contribute to high caries frequency and gingivitis in children with hearing impairment. Missing or malformed teeth and malocclusions pose a great challenge for dentists. Furthermore, the work draws attention to the psychological aspect of the development of children with hearing impairment. The communication barrier during a dental visit attended by a hearing-impaired child, as well as the need for appropriate training for medical personnel, which could contribute to improved oral health, are emphasised.

Interrelationships Between Morphometric, Densitometric, and Mechanical Properties of Teeth in 5-Month-Old Polish Merino Sheep

Interrelationships between morphological, densitometric, and mechanical properties of deciduous mandibular teeth (incisors, canine, second premolar) were investigated. To perform morphometric, densitometric, and mechanical analyses, teeth were obtained from 5-month-old sheep. Measurements of mean volumetric tooth mineral density and total tooth volume were performed using quantitative computed tomography. Microcomputed tomography was used to measure total enamel volume, volumetric enamel mineral density, total dentin volume, and volumetric dentin mineral density. Maximum elastic strength and ultimate force of teeth were determined using 3-point bending and compression tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were determined between all investigated variables. Mutual dependence was observed between morphological and mechanical properties of the investigated teeth. The highest number of positive correlations of the investigated parameters was stated in first incisor indicating its superior predictive value of tooth quality and masticatory organ function in sheep. Positive correlations of the volumetric dentin mineral density in second premolar with final body weight may indicate predictive value of this parameter in relation with growth rate in sheep. Evaluation of deciduous tooth properties may prove helpful for breeding selection and further reproduction of sheep possessing favorable traits of teeth and better masticatory organ function, leading to improved performance and economic efficiency of the flock.

Preprosthetic correction procedures in patients with combination syndrome

The long-term use of complete maxillary dentures in the presence of natural residual anterior teeth may cause degenerative changes in the masticatory organ that are classified as signs of Kelly’s syndrome and pose a considerable reconstructive challenge. Failure to provide the patient with proper restorations aggravates destruction in the oral cavity, which is manifested as functional disorders and visible in the patient’s facial appearance. The aim of this paper is to present corrective procedures to be conducted before final prosthetic rehabilitation. The authors discuss the steps that need to be taken in the case of particular pathological symptoms linked with Kelly’s syndrome. The possibilities of prosthetic management with the use of conventional removable dentures and/or the application of intraosseous implants to optimize prosthetic treatment and prevent the destruction of the prosthetic base are also presented.

Effects of premature loss of deciduous teeth on the morphology and functions of the masticatory organ. Literature review

Premature loss of a deciduous tooth is its loss 3 to 4 years before its physiological replacement, in other words – one year before the date of physiological resorption of its roots. The most common reasons for premature loss of deciduous teeth include complications of caries such as: pulp gangrene, periodontitis, inflammation of the periapical area, periapical lesions, abscesses, and osteitis. Mechanical traumas and cysts belong to other reasons. Direct consequences of premature loss of a deciduous tooth include inhibition of growth of the alveolar process bone of the maxilla or alveolar part of the mandible in the area where a tooth is missing. Presence of space in the dental arch leads to various dental displacements such as tooth displacement along the arch, rotations, inclinations. It leads to dental abnormalities, including secondary crowding, dental abnormalities associated with time and place of eruption of permanent teeth, arch midline shift, and Godon’s effect. Consequences of premature loss of deciduous teeth also include worsening of pre-existing malocclusions and dysfunctions of the masticatory organ associated with chewing, speech and swallowing. Aim. The paper aimed to present consequences of premature loss of deciduous teeth and to determine indications for prophylactic treatment. Material and methods. A review of literature in Polish and English from the period 2006–2017 was performed using PubMed, PBL, Embase, Scopus databases. “Premature loss of deciduous teeth” was a key word. Results. Consequences of premature loss of various groups of deciduous teeth were presented and indications for prophylactic treatment were discussed based on literature collected. Conclusions. The analysis performed concluded that due to various consequences of premature loss of deciduous teeth orthodontic management is recommended in many cases in order to minimise consequences of premature loss of deciduous teeth. (Wojtaszek-Lis J, Regulski P, Laskowska M, Zadurska M. Effects of premature loss of deciduous teeth on the morphology and functions of the masticatory organ. Literature review. Orthod Forum 2018; 14: 29-47)

Pregnant women’s knowledge on early orthodontic prevention – a questionnaire survey

Introduction. Ensuring proper conditions for the development of the masticatory organ of the child can prevent or reduce the incidence of malocclusion. Aim. The study aimed to assess the knowledge of mothers on selected elements of early orthodontic prevention. Material and methods. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 234 pregnant women and women in childbirth from Lower Silesia, Lublin and Lubuskie voivodships. The survey included questions about demographics of mothers, such as age, place of residence, education level, and 10 questions on selected elements of early orthodontic prevention. Results. The knowledge of mothers on the early orthodontic prevention is associated with the level of education and the place of residence - women with higher education and living in large cities have the greatest expertise in this field, although it is still inadequate in general population of women.

The diving mouthpiece and the conditions of the temporomandibular joints. Preliminary study

The article presents the results of research on the effects of a long-term exposure to non-physiological location of anatomical elements of the masticatory organ in the course of diving. The said exposure is connected with the utilisation of various types of diving mouthpieces.The study was conducted on 186 professional divers manifesting various conditions occurring immediately upon diving completion and connected with the temporomandibular joints and muscles lifting the mandible. The most frequently reported pain affected the areas of cervical spine and shoulder ring, earache and reflex pain, an exhausting gritting of teeth.