Purely elastic instabilities in the airways and oral area

The present study considers a shear-thinning viscoelastic liquid layer sheared by the air and flowing past a deformable-solid layer in the presence of a surfactant at the air–liquid interface to model the airflow in the oral area and airways. The stability analysis reveals the existence of purely elastic and unconditionally unstable ‘liquid elastic’ and ‘solid elastic’ modes. The mechanism responsible for the destabilisation of the solid elastic mode is the shear stresses exerted by the air on the liquid and by the liquid on the deformable solid while for the liquid elastic mode, the mechanism is the first normal stress difference across the air–liquid interface. The liquid and solid elastic modes undergo resonance, resulting in the ‘resonance mode’ of instability. The resonance mode exhibits a much higher growth rate than the liquid and solid elastic modes. The shear-thinning characteristic of the liquid and presence of the surfactant leads to enhancement in the growth rate of the resonance mode. An estimate shows a good correlation between the exhaled fluid particle (i.e. droplets and aerosols) diameters and the wavelength of the perturbations with maximum growth rate. In essence, the present analysis predicts that the airflow in the airways and oral area could lead to an elastic instability arising due to the elastic nature of the saliva, mucus and underlying muscle layers.

Crinoid encrustation of holocystitid diploporitan echinoderms: strongly asymmetrical Silurian dendritic attachment structures with palaeobiological implications

Articulated thecae of the holocystitid diploporitan echinoderm Holocystites scutellatus from the middle Silurian (Wenlock: Sheinwoodian) Massie Formation of southeastern Indiana, USA, are encrusted by distinctive structures belonging to another echinoderm. A dendritic attachment structure consisting of multiple slender, branching radices, attributable to the camerate crinoid Eucalyptocrinites, is present on one side of each of the diploporitan thecae. However, the development of radices is remarkably asymmetrical, with all radices—including one more than 25 mm in length—being present exclusively on one side of the attachment structure. This reflects initial settlement by the encrusting crinoids near the oral or marginal regions rather than the central portion of the diploporitan thecae, which were on their sides; this essentially prohibited further outward growth of radices toward the oral area or edges, but allowed radices oriented in the opposite direction to extend over nearly the entire length of the lateral surface of the theca. Although crinoid encrustation of holocystitid diploporitan thecae is moderately common in the Massie Formation, no previously described specimens display such pronounced asymmetry with respect to radice development. More importantly, these specimens convincingly illustrate the degree to which Eucalyptocrinites attachment structure morphologies could be modified in response to local substrate variations; such skeletal modules were, indeed, highly dynamic, probably contributing to the success of taxa bearing such adaptable attachment structures.

Topical 5% Imiquimod Sequential to Surgery for HPV-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common neoplasms affecting the oral cavity and the face. Its more differentiated forms may be associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Case report: In this paper, we report the case of an 86-year-old patient with a well-differentiated SCC of the lower lip associated with HPV treated with surgery with a non-complete histological resolution. Imiquimod 5% cream was applied on the surgical scar once a day for two weeks and then once a week. Two years after SCC removal, no relapse has occurred. Conclusions: Topical imiquimod may be a safe and effective treatment after surgery in SCC of the oral area to reduce the risk of relapses.

Oral findings during follow-up of nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treatment: A case report

A 50-year-old woman with a long history of nasopharyngeal cancer (T2N2M0, squamous cell carcinoma) underwent chemoradiotherapy and surgery. In the past, to prevent tumor recurrence or metastasis, she underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy or neck dissection. However, during a follow-up 10 years after the surgery, intense F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was detected in the oral area (SUVmax 6.0). A biopsy of the area with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake revealed pathological inflammation. Radiography showed the presence of a wisdom tooth, located at the F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation site, and pericoronitis of this tooth was detected. Our findings indicate the importance of considering the effect of inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal disease, in using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography during follow-up after head and neck cancer treatment.

Effectiveness of Identafi® in Evaluation of Precancerous Oral Lesions

Aim To examine the role of the Identafi® device in early diagnosis of the nature of oral lesions. Results Buccal mucosal lesions that diagnosed Kreatosis were the most seem lesion in oral area. Conclusion It has been observed that the indentative device provides convenience to the physician in the early diagnosis of precancerous oral lesions and some tissue formations that may be overlooked can be reached.

Spiracarneyella, a new carneyellid edrioasteroid from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Kentucky and Ohio and comments on carneyellid heterochrony

A new genus and species of carneyellid edrioasteroid, Spiracarneyella florencei n. gen. n. sp., is described from the Upper Ordovician (Kaitian) Point Pleasant Formation of northern Kentucky and southern Ohio. Spiracarneyella n. gen. is characterized by having all five ambulacra curving clockwise around the theca, having small node-bearing interambulacral plates in the distal interambulacra, and having the periproct placement slightly offset to the right side of the CD interambulacrum. The oral area of carneyellids evolved by paedomorphosis of the oral plates covering the mouth. The straight ambulacra of Cryptogoleus and the spiraling ambulacra of Spiracarneyella n. gen. evolved by paedomorphosis and peramorphosis, respectively. UUID: http://zoobank.org/79733c8f-0bc8-4e7e-8f77-8508f576755c

Contributions to the study of common artifacts and errors in conventional and three-dimensional radio-imaging used in the evaluation of odontal, endodontic and periodontal pathology.

Introduction: X-ray radio imaging is commonly used because most diseases in the oral area can only be diagnosed by using this method. Proper identification of elements on a radiological image may also be difficult due to errors that may occur before, during or after the X-ray. These errors are called artifacts.Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to distinguish the artifacts that can occur on two-dimensional and three-dimensional dental X-rays (intraoral or extraoral) from the actual pathology of the investigated area, by performing control X-rays.Material and Methods: In our study we viewed, assessed and compared a number of 80 retroalveolar X-rays, 45 orthopantomographs (OPG) and 35 Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT). In case of artifacts or errors, X-rays were repeated within 5 days or a CBCT was performed. In the case of OPGs, another option was to perform retroalveolar X-rays to establish the final diagnosis.Results: From a total of 80 retroalveolar X-rays, in 13 cases (16.25%) we found artifacts. Of these, in only 4 cases (5%) diagnosis and treatment plan were changed following a clinical examination or a CBCT. In the case of OPGs, out of a total of 45 OPGs, 17 (37.7%) presented artifacts, but only in a percentage of 17.7% (8 cases) they affected the diagnosis. Of the 35 CBCTs, in 10 of them (28.57%) prosthetic works with a metal component or implants were present, with specific artifacts found, but their presence did not influence the diagnosis.Conclusion: It is necessary for doctors to know the anatomy of the oral region, the most fervent appearance of the components and the different types of artifacts that may occur. Control X-ray is a very commonly used possibility, but there are cases where radiation exposure needs to be minimized.

Pathologies of the oral area in newborns and infants: frenula and contributions of laser systems

The purpose of this article is to improve our knowledge about the structures and function of the different elements present in the mouth of newborns since dentists sometimes do not remember the importance of the mouth in the general development of infants and the need for an early intervention with lasers to help them obtain a good state of their Oral System. We performed a comprehensive clinical exploration of the patient in order to make a more accurate diagnosis. When surgery is necessary, we recommend to use erbium lasers when possible (2780nm Er, Cr: YSGG laser or a 2940nm Er: YAG), as they are a quick and effective option to treat these oral lesions, especially lip or tongue ties which can risk the act of breastfeeding; moreover, we can also use diode lasers (810nm, 940nm or a 1064nm Nd:YAG laser) al lof them with their specifical safety goggles. These laser systems used by a certified professional, in collaboration with a properly trained staff, are a very important factor during the surgery.By having proper knowledge of the oral structures and their pathologies, we are able to diagnose whether those disorders should be surgically treated and if so, how to proceed with laser systems as they are minimally invasive procedures; or if we should recommend parents to visit a myofunctional therapist in order to help recover the normal function.The understanding of oral structures of newborns is very important in order to improve the development of craniofacial growth and provide an important service to mothers by giving their babies a right start in life from a very early stage. We need to improve collaboration between professionals from different disciplines in order to enhance our knowledge

Injectable Biomaterials for Dental Tissue Regeneration

Injectable biomaterials scaffolds play a pivotal role for dental tissue regeneration, as such materials are highly applicable in the dental field, particularly when compared to pre-formed scaffolds. The defects in the maxilla-oral area are normally small, confined and sometimes hard to access. This narrative review describes different types of biomaterials for dental tissue regeneration, and also discusses the potential use of nanofibers for dental tissues. Various studies suggest that tissue engineering approaches involving the use of injectable biomaterials have the potential of restoring not only dental tissue function but also their biological purposes.

On Similar and Different Sides Between Legend of “Alp Kara Arslan” and "Epic How Basat Killed Tepegöz"

Although the communities of the Turkic world which spreading from Asia to Europe have gone through different political, social and religious adventures, they have kept their cultural codes alive in folk cultures that keep the national memory alive. There is a similarity in Turkish oral culture products that are passed from oral area to written area in different centuries and different geographies. Folklore products change over time and the effects of the socio-cultural and socio-political incidents of the period in which they were written down are also observed. The legend of Alp Kara Aslan in Ulu Han Ata Bitigçi or transmitted from Süleyman b. Abdülhakk b. Pehlivan el-Azerbaycânî according to Haarmann, is one of them. There are similar and different aspects between this legend written in different fields in different centuries with the book of Dede Korkut and the epic How Basat Killed Tepegoz in book of Dede Korkut. Although there are no similarities in the story of Basat, who saved the province of Oghuz, with the legend of Alp Kara Aslan, which is the subject of descent, the heroes' growth process, the source of their power, the stages of finding their identity and the zoomorph, the animal-ancestor thought circle, similar and different sides stand out.