Effects of Acute Physical Fatigue on Gaze Behavior and Performance During a Badminton Game

In badminton, the ability to quickly gather relevant visual information is one of the most important determinants of performance. However, gaze behavior has never been investigated in a real-game setting (with fatigue), nor related to performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fatigue on gaze behavior during a badminton game setting, and to determine the relationship between fatigue, performance and gaze behavior. Nineteen novice badminton players equipped with eye-tracking glasses played two badminton sets: one before and one after a fatiguing task. The duration and number of fixations for each exchange were evaluated for nine areas of interest. Performance in terms of points won or lost and successful strokes was not impacted by fatigue, however fatigue induced more fixations per exchange on two areas of interest (shuttlecock and empty area after the opponent's stroke). Furthermore, two distinct gaze behaviors were found for successful and unsuccessful performance: points won were associated with fixations on the boundary lines and few fixation durations on empty area before the participant's stroke; successful strokes were related to long fixation durations, few fixation durations on empty area and a large number of fixations on the shuttlecock, racket, opponent's upper body and anticipation area. This is the first study to use a mobile eye-tracking system to capture gaze behavior during a real badminton game setting: fatigue induced changes in gaze behavior, and successful and unsuccessful performance were associated with two distinct gaze behaviors.

The Vicissitudes of the Fate of the Kalmyk Nobleman Petr Taishin: from the Adoption of Christianity to the Establishment of a Settlement of Baptized Kalmyks in the Middle Volga Region (1724-1737)

The present paper analyzes the fate and political activities of the first baptized Kalmyk vladelets Peter P. Taishin in the context of the purposeful Christianization of the Kalmyks and the internecine struggle for supreme power in the Kalmyk Khanate in 1724-1735. Historiography has developed under the influence of Church historians; the latter mostly described Taishin as a treacherous schemer who converted to Christianity only to enlist Russia's support in the struggle for the Khanate's throne. The present study is meant to portray P. Taishin as a historical figure. To overcome the bias in historiography, the author made use of previously unstudied materials from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire, in particular Taishin's correspondence with government agencies and officials. According to the author, the imperial authorities overestimated the political prospects of Taishin's embrace of Christianity. The influence of the Buddhist clergy on the Kalmyk people and their power elite was not duly taken into account. To the displeasure of the government, Taishin joined one party of Kalmyk nobility that stood in opposition to the Kalmyk khan, and after the death of his older brother, Taishin began to openly dispute the Khan's right to the throne. Russia's military intervention in the internecine conflict led to Taishin's capture and to the forced replacement of the supreme ruler of the Kalmyk state. These events triggered a change in the government's policy concerning the baptized Kalmyks. It was decided to put them under Taishin's control and to relocate them further into the territory of Russia. With these measures, the hotbed of social tension in the Kalmyk Khanate disappeared, and Russia acquired additional human resources to occupy an empty area in the Middle Volga region, and later in the Orenburg province. For more than a hundred years, the settlement of baptized Kalmyks on the Middle Volga survived the initiator of their founding, Petr Petrovich Taishin, and made a significant contribution to the economic development and defense of the vast Orenburg Territory.

Study on Applicability of Distributed Hydrological Model under Different Terrain Conditions

This research aimed to study the applicability and limitations of a distributed hydrological model under discontinuous steep topography and hydrogeological conditions. Based on GIS spatial analysis, typical cases of steep and gentle terrains were selected to construct the distributed hydrological model framework of the research areas (Qinhuangdao and Zhuanghe City, China). The observed runoff was used to test the applicability of the model in different terrain watersheds and to analyze the versatility of the model structure and the relevant parameters of the core modules. The results show that: in the process of using a distributed hydrological model to build models for different regions, problems such as a discontinuous dislocation of the empty area and poor connectivity of the water system will appear in the process of sub-basin division of a steep terrain. By determining the optimal threshold, selecting the best node, discontinuous dislocation, void fusion and other methods, we put forward the corresponding solutions to the problems in the division process and constructed the research area’s distributed hydrological model. The rainfall–runoff process in the study area was simulated accordingly, and the SUFI2 algorithm was used to calibrate the relevant parameters in the model. The relative error (Re), correlation coefficient (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), which meet the runoff accuracy in the study area, were obtained. The model verification results show that the NSE of steep terrain is 0.90, and R2 is 0.98; the NSE of gentle terrain is 0.91, and R2 is 0.984: the simulation values fit the measured values well, which makes the calibrated model suitable for both steep and gentle terrains. The results can provide a reference for the construction of a distributed hydrological model in watersheds with different terrain.

ADAPTATION “INSTITUTE OF RADIO ELECTRONICS” BUILDING IN KHARKIV FOR MODERN USING

Adaptation to modern requirements of buildings, which have got a status of architectural landmarks, is always a compromise between the preservation of authentic elements and bringing the building into line with current standards. In the Building of the Institute of Radio Electronics, the architectural landmark of Kharkiv region, it was necessary to build an elevator to provide barrier-free access to the premises.The goal of this research is to find the best place for a new elevator, where meddling into the building’s body from one side will make minimum damage for its structure and interior design and from another side can be most convenient for users.To solve this problem, it was necessary to collect materials about “Institute of radio electronics” building: conduct bibliographic surveys and search materials in different archives. Historical documents, photos, sketches and historical drawings and field research materials about this building must be put together. Analysis of the collected materials showedthat building was designed in the second part of 1930 for new Kharkov Civil Engineering Institute (KhCEI), which was found in April 1930. In 1930 the place for the building structure was chosen. A KhCEI building architectural competition took place in 1930. The authors of the winning project were Yakiv Steinberg, Rosaliya Fridman. For the KhCEI building J. Steinberg suggested to make experimental constructivist complex. The architect paid special attention to the functioning of the building. Taking into attention that the formation of the department structure of the institute continued until 1932, the architects had only approximate characteristics of the functioning of the house.The building had a long distributor block to which other blocks, intended for separate specializations, were adjoined at right angles. The stairways or ramps were in the corridors of the distributor block as well as in the opposite edges of the transverse blocks. The ground floors and second floors had corridors, which distributedstudents to the necessary premises. The first floor and partly the ground floor were intended for laboratories. The second floor, which had a corridor system, was divided into small rooms for group classes, and the third floor contained large halls for drawing classes had free planning (later became enfilades). Near the stairs there were also the servicing premises combined in one block –toilets, tool rooms and archives, professors' offices with small subdepartment libraries.Only one half of this project was finished in 1933. The complex was damaged during the II World war. In August 1943, the destroyed building was handed to Kharkiv Mining Engineering Institute (KhMEI).In 1944-1945 Dmitry Torubarov developed the project of reconstruction of this complex. His solution preserved Steinberg's idea, but added new parts to it. Torubarov changed the outer view of the complex, because the environment around it had been modified.In 1930 Steinberg worked with an empty area, where were only the main road and the ravine. He made a composition, which was supposed to look from the view point between the main road and the ravine best of all. In 1946 Torubarov worked in the new town area, where the ravine created an empty space in front of the composition. The corner between the main road (that became a significant avenue later) and the ravine wasn't so important. Torubarov moved the center of the composition to the center of facade facing to the ravine.

Microseismic Event Location by Considering the Influence of the Empty Area in an Excavated Tunnel

The velocity model is a key factor that affects the accuracy of microseismic event location around tunnels. In this paper, we consider the effect of the empty area on the microseismic event location and present a 3D heterogeneous velocity model for excavated tunnels. The grid-based heterogeneous velocity model can describe a 3D arbitrarily complex velocity model, where the microseismic monitoring areas are divided into many blocks. The residual between the theoretical arrival time calculated by the fast marching method (FMM) and the observed arrival time is used to identify the block with the smallest residual. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to improve the location accuracy in this block. Synthetic tests show that the accuracy of the microseismic event location based on the heterogeneous velocity model was higher than that based on the single velocity model, independent of whether an arrival time error was considered. We used the heterogeneous velocity model to locate 7 blasting events and 44 microseismic events with a good waveform quality in the Qinling No. 4 tunnel of the Yinhanjiwei project from 6 June 2017 to 13 June 2017 and compared the location results of the heterogeneous-velocity model with those of the single-velocity model. The results of this case study show that the events located by the heterogeneous velocity model were concentrated around the working face, which matched the actual conditions of the project, while the events located by the single-velocity model were scattered and far from the working face.

Study on Risk Classification of Goaf Based on RS-SVM

According to the uncertainty and concealment of the risk of goaf, a risk classification model of goaf is constructed based on rough set (RS) knowledge and support vector machine (SVM) theory. In this paper, based on statistical analysis and measured data, nine parameters including mining method, empty area excavation depth, goaf height, maximum exposed area of empty area, maximum exposure height, maximum exposure span, pillar condition, empty volume and treatment rate are selected as the main influencing factors. The RS theory is used to reduce the sample, and SVM is compiled by Matlab. The one-to-one method is used to construct the binary classifier to realize the multi-class classification algorithm of goaf. Finally, a SVM model for evaluating the risk level of the goaf is obtained. The research shows that: based on RS theory, SVM has a good effect on the hazard classification of the goaf iron ore mine, and the difference with the actual situation is 13.3%. The research results have certain theoretical significance and guiding role for the safe mining of an iron mine in Eastern China.

Kolczasta sensualność. Miasto szwedzkich melancholików przełomu XIX i XX wieku

The text shows the picture of nineteenth-century Stockholm saturated with negative content, revealing a large city as a space of deadness, chimerical vitalism, and unconditional dissolution as a result of crisis of values. Symptomatic for the nineteenth-century European social changes made the literary city a reflection of this process by showing the urban monstrosity of that destructive energy, its unfriendliness and controversy. This case is similar. The novelistic city shows multidimensional loneliness of man of that time. This image maps the entity which is not able to save its subjectivity, to find the formula, the man who from the heights of his own selfishness precipitates his identity into the abyss of all progression. It also shows the doom of rudimentary value, flattening of anthropocentric dimension of existence in favour of the eruption of animalistic instincts, impulses and consumerism. The characters in Hjalmar Söderberg’s novel – Martin, Arvid, Gabriel or Tomas – circulate in this space, wander, chase, roam the empty area looking for values. The characters being in chronic pointless movement automatically include themselves in an insensitive stream of street momentum, as they were passively involved in this whole theatre of gestures. Stockholm is a symbol of the inertial city, neutral existentially, it is a braid of illusions, fantasies, afterimages. The city is a zone of axiological deadness, damages. A sad face of the city chronically becomes a grimace of everything that is wrong, hardening into the “damage”, closure. It is an unusual character of this prose.

“It’s Just Gravel”: The Logic of Elimination in Edmonton’s Downtown Revitalization

Edmonton’s burgeoning “Ice District" has been a frosty source of contention in the city. But criticism of the Ice District — which has ranged from its name to its funding — has hardly addressed the project’s positioning in a larger event of settler colonialism. By analyzing recent news coverage and an interview with a stakeholder in Edmonton’s urban development, I argue that the city’s downtown revitalization disregards urban aboriginal sovereignty. I find that Edmonton’s downtown core is a uniquely aboriginal space, with nearly 50 per cent of Edmonton’s urban homeless population being aboriginal-identified, while aboriginal peoples only constitute less than 6 per cent of the greater Edmonton population. In conjunction with language seeking to “cleanse” the area of perceived danger and imprint capitalist productivity in an “empty” area, I conclude that Edmonton's downtown revitalization project operates as a settler colonialist function to eliminate urban indigenous populations. I position this argument within a greater conversation of indigenous sovereignties in Canada: how can the urban indigenous population in Edmonton be self-sustaining — let alone sovereign — when the very land they reside is under constant siege by a competing municipality?

FILLING THE EXCAVATED EMPTY AREA IN UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION OF THE MINE “KREKA” AIMED AT REDUCING DEFORMATIONS OF THE SURFACE CAUSED BY EXCAVATION

Taking into consideration the current situation in the field of energy, the specific conditions of our mining and contemporary achievements in the field of underground exploitation, it can be stated that new circumstances in terms of techno-economic and security parameters of exploitation in the whole system of the exploitation of the coal deposits are present. The aim of this paper is to contribute to solving the problem of the subsidence of ground surface caused by excavation and utilization of the reserves of deposits that are nonrenewable and important economic resource. It is oriented towards solving this problem in order to avoid deformations of ground surface caused by the excavated empty underground area. By solving this problem, the empty excavated area is filled and the problem of the deformations of ground surface is reduced or permanently solved. The paper proposes the potential composition of backfill for filling the excavated empty area. This paper presents a solution based on filling the excavated empty area.

Study of Control Empty Width in the Underground Penstock Contact Grouting Engineering

Determining control empty size can be used as a standard of deciding whether contact grouting in the empty area is needed, in order to reduce the construction difficulty and enhance running safety of underground penstock. In this paper, underground penstock operation process has been simulated by means of the well-known FEA software-ANSYS. The empty conditions and joint bearing of steel lining and surrounding rock have been simulated by setting contact element. In this way, control empty width of different radius steel pipe and different initial gap has been calculated. The result provides reference to decide whether contact grouting between steel lining and back filled concrete needed.