“To Love the Rest of His Thoughts as Myself” – Translating Mendelssohn’s Singular Bildung

The conceptual history of Bildung, the German term for self-formation, encapsulates the ethical revolution of modern German thought, associated with the Kantian moment and its aftermath. Reshaped in modernity to respond to a post-Kantian, critical sensibility, the modern term emphasizes the reflexive, active process of self-formation, in contrast with the medieval theological sensibility which emphasized the receptive imprint of the image of God. In this article, I unpack Moses Mendelsohn’s idiosyncratic notion of Bildung. I show that what is unique, indeed, singular in Mendelssohn’s notion of Bildung is the way it merges the traditional, theological notion with the modern one. For Mendelssohn, to imitate God is to come to value one’s contingent being. The imitation of the ideal, the most perfect, is tantamount to embracing the perfectible, and the process of perfection or self-actualization. Jacobi, Mendelssohn, Bildung, Contingency, Pantheism affair, Moral Perfectionism

Unwritten Scars: Gaslighting in Relationships

Gaslighting is a modern term that describes a type of toxic relationship that psychologically abuses the victim. Gaslighting is understood as manipulating the victim into questioning his sanity and the gaslighter has a goal to create a ‘surreal’ environment that will cause the victim to feel like he is in the wrong and is crazy. Since gaslighting is all about manipulation, it can cause mental disorders. In the theoretical framework, we will apply the concept of gaslighting and self-actualization to show the effects of gaslighting and the ways to cope with it. In this work, we explore how gaslighting can cause anxiety, depression and low self-esteem in the victims. We show that the victims of gaslighting can deal with it by fulfilling physiological needs and building herself up again by the help of friends and families.Keywords: gaslighting, toxic relationship, poetry, lyrical poem

Nonfreezing Cold Injury (Trench Foot)

Nonfreezing cold injury (NFCI) is a modern term for trench foot or immersion foot. Moisture is required to produce a NFCI. NFCI seldom, if ever, results in loss of tissue unless there is also pressure necrosis or infection. Much of the published material regarding management of NFCIs has been erroneously borrowed from the literature on warm water immersion injuries. NFCI is a clinical diagnosis. Most patients with NFCI have a history of losing feeling for at least 30 min and having pain or abnormal sensation on rewarming. Limbs with NFCI usually pass through four ‘stages.’ cold exposure, post-exposure (prehyperaemic), hyperaemic, and posthyperaemic. Limbs with NFCI should be cooled gradually and kept cool. Amitriptyline is likely the most effective medication for pain relief. If prolonged exposure to wet, cold conditions cannot be avoided, the most effective measures to prevent NFCI are to stay active, wear adequate clothing, stay well-nourished, and change into dry socks at least daily.

Research on vocabulary related to modern postal systems in East Asia

Focusing on the modern postal system, this essay tracks the current usage of vocabulary and the process of change in each region of East Asia. To start with, it confirms the synchronic distribution pattern of postal terms in East Asia through local laws. It then examines the background of the creation of 郵便 ( yûbin) in Japan as a new modern word in terms of institutional and linguistic history. It highlights, in this regard, the Japanese specificity behind the birth of the modern term 郵便, investigating how the term has been accepted in other East Asian regions such as China and Korea. Finally, it summarizes the following findings: first, through a linguistic phenomenon that can be accounted for by a theory called character-morphemes, 便 ( bin, tayori). In Japanese this came to acquire the meaning of ‘letter’ and ‘communication means’ which would not have existed when it had been initially passed down from China. Second, in modern Chinese, the word 郵便 ( yóubiàn) did not have the vitality to overwhelm other competing vocabulary in situations where such Japanese meanings were not shared; and last, in Korea, on the other hand, a branch similar to Japan existed in the usage of the word 便 ( phyen) before modern times. Such a tendency, in fact, induced the acceptance of the new modern term 郵便 ( wuphyen).

INFLUENCE OF «SAMPO» IDEOLOGY ON THE MODERN FAMILY VALUE SYSTEM IN SOUTH KOREA

Looking back at the history of South Korea, we see that it is an East Asian state, the basis of the Confucian civilization. While the men's community was the main workers, the women's community was exclusively engaged in the household. During the process of globalization, many changes occurred in Korean society, and one of these changes directly influenced the emergence of the modern term «sampo generation». The concept of the Sampo generation is part of the concept of «N-po» and is currently the most intensively widespread trend in society among representatives of the adolescent and middle age.

Introduction

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Homer's Odyssey. It is no secret that the Odyssey relates more than a simple tale of a journey home; it is about the re-creation of a man and an investigation into what comprises an identity. Odysseus is marked out as a suffering figure from the beginning of the epic — his story is both figuratively and literally about pain experienced for the sake of pursuing and obtaining a return home. In a way, his state echoes or even anticipates the modern term nostalgia, once an official psychopathological diagnosis. Narratives about the past that convey nostalgia can similarly have positive and negative outcomes. Storytelling in the Odyssey, as many have shown, is a type of intoxication that has the potential to harm and to prevent one from achieving an actual homecoming. The book explores Homeric analogs for modern psychological theories or frameworks and their effect on the structure of the epic.

The 1948 War

Israeli historians have shown that the 1948 war might have been averted had Israel explored a number of opportunities to reach agreements with the Palestinians, as well as with Egypt, the most important Arab country. Even during the Arab invasion, the Arab armies were small, uncoordinated, and lacking in the capability to destroy Israel; their primary intentions were to counter the territorial goals of their Arab rivals. Nonetheless, their bloodthirsty anti-Semitic rhetoric ensured that Israel would regard the attack as designed to annihilate it. Even before the invasion, the Zionists began the process of expelling some 700,000–750,000 Palestinians from the territories it intended to include in the state of Israel. These actions became known as the “Nakba” (Arabic for “catastrophe”), or in the modern term, “ethnic cleansing.” and they continue to haunt the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, especially on the issue of “the right of return.”

Loving the Immigrant as the Premier Jewish and Christian Ethic

The modern term “immigrant” does not appear in the original Jewish and Christian scriptures. While concepts of nations, borders, and formal immigration did not develop until long after Biblical times, several Hebrew words existed for foreigners. An analysis of the words gēr, nēkār, rēa, zār, and tôšāb reveals how foreign strangers were regarded by the Jewish people. The established covenant commanded Jewish people to “love your neighbor (rēa) as yourself” (Lev. 19:18). This commandment, located in the middle of Leviticus and the middle of the Holiness Code, is considered by many to be the highest development of ethics in scripture. Still, a concentrated debate about passages in both Testaments continues among academics and religious leaders, especially about the Christian obligation to follow the laws of the land, but dissent if the laws are unjust. An examination of Jewish and Christian texts, world views, and contemporary scholarship is needed to determine how, if at all, believers should respond to the present immigration crisis in the United States. This paper shares some of the many stories in scripture about migration, concluding that the story of Jewish and Christian scripture, and indeed, the story of mankind, is one of migration.

TERMINOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF VASYL SIMOVYCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

The result of V. Simovych’s fruitful work is a number of scientific investigations. The scientist worked on improving the system of the Ukrainian language and its terminology in the 20-30’s of the twentieth century and paid much attention to the culture of the Ukrainian language. This article focuses on the study of linguistic terminology in V. Simovich’s textbooks – «Practical grammar of the Ukrainian language» (1918) and «Grammar of the Ukrainian language for self-study and in support of school science» (1921), namely the phonetical terminology. The article presents the corpus of phonetical terms used by V. Simovych in grammars. Using descriptive and comparative methods, a quantitative description of phonetical terms used in the grammars of V. Simovych in the beginning of the twentieth century. The originality of the proposed phonetic terms is indicated. In both books, V. Simovych identified the phonetic terms in a separate section «Sounds». It talks about how «sounds up», the apparatus of speech is illustrated, or the speech apparatus of a person. In the second edition, the author introduces a term звучня that corresponds to the modern term phonetics. In each of the grammar by V. Simovych, about 116 terms have been recorded, giving the names of syllables, characterizing the types of sounds, the emphasis. It also highlights the borrowed sounds, which are called as чужі звуки, чужі двозвуки, чуже «ґ», чуже «ф», чуже «о», etc., but there are also occasional чужоземні двозвуки, чужоземні посереднї звуки «Ö», «Ü».