Six Biomarkers Expressed Stably in Urinary Exosomes During All Life Stages - As the Reference Markers in Urinary Quantification

BackgroundUrinary extracellular exosomes (uEVs) have been identified as a novel, stable and no-invasive source of biomarkers. However, the potential clinical value of uEVs is limited by the lack of standard quantitative proteomics data. It is necessary to uncover ubiquitous and stable proteins of uEVs as the reference markers in urinary quantification.Samples and methodsThe samples from 210 healthy individuals (3~90 years old), were divided into seven different stages of life. The uEVs samples were identified by LC-MS/MS and data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods. Eight stably expressed uEVs proteins were obtained by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, 42 samples were used to validate by Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.ResultsA total of 3,002 proteins and 1,393 co-expression uEVs proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. The bioinformatics analysis showed 1,393 co-expression proteins mostly enriched in endocytosis. Eight proteins were stably expressed throughout the seven age stages (p<0.05). Furthermore, RAB8A, RAB8B, Semaphorin-5A, Plexin-B2, JAMA, and STUB1 were validated by Western blot. Above all, RAB8A and RAB8B are the most stably expressed proteins in different age stages.ConclusionRAB8A, RAB8B, Semaphorin-5A, Plexin-B2, JAMA, and STUB1 were expressed stably proteins throughout the age stages. These six proteins might be the standard reference markers in the analysis of urine exosomal proteomics. RAB8A and RAB8B have been validated are the putative reference markers.

WACANA PENANDA KEKOHESIAN DAN KEKOHERENSIAN DALAM BERITA COVID-19 DI LIPUTAN6.COM

This study analyzes cohesion and coherence in covid-19 news in the June 2020 liputan6.com edition. The purpose of this study is to describe the markers of cohesion and coherence of news discourse in online media with the June 2020 edition of Covid-19. This study aims to describe the discourse markers of cohesion and coherence in the Covid-19 news on the June 2020 edition of Liputan6.com. Looking for markers of cohesion and coherence in the news. Based on the results of data analysis found several things as follows. First, markers of grammatical cohesiveness by using reference markers, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunctions. Second, markers of lexical cohesion which include antonymy, hyponymy, and collocation. Third, the markers of coherence are found as "signified" coherence. Markers of "tagged" coherence include additive coherence, chronological coherence, causality coherence, and contrast coherence. On the basis of the results of data analysis, it can be concluded as follows. First, the mark of cohesiveness in the covid-19 news on Liputan6.com in the June 2020 edition generally uses explicit cohesion markers. Second, the grammatical cohesive markers used include references, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctions, and lexical cohesive markers used include antonym, hyponym, and collocation. Third, the markers of the coherence of co-19 news in the June 2020 edition generally use "tagged" coherence, such as additive coherence, chronological coherence, causality coherence, and contrast coherence

Systemic ambiguity as a motivation in the emergence of logophoricity

Chapter 4 demonstrates that a systematic ambiguity within a domain may constitute a motivation in the emergence of a function. The functional domain discussed is the domain of reference. The systematic ambiguity at play is the coding of reference in clausal complements of verbs of saying. More specifically, the question is whether the participants in the complement clause are coreferential with the participant in the matrix clause or whether they are not coreferential. Some languages deploy pronouns in the complement clause to code disjoint reference and person, number, and gender agreement on the verb to code coreference (Polish). Other languages deploy pronouns in the complement clause to code coreference and nouns to code disjoint reference (English). The specific solution described in Chapter 4 are logophoric pronouns which code not only coreference with the subject of the matrix clause but also coreference with other arguments of the matrix clause. The Chapter describes how logophoric coding emerged from the de dicto reference markers.

The Effect of Hypothyroidism on Bone Loss at Dental Implants

Hypothyroidism (HT) is an endocrine disorder characterized by abnormally reduced thyroid gland activity, and is most commonly of autoimmune etiology. HT is associated with alterations in bone metabolism, and HT patients typically experience decreased bone resorption. The objective of this study was to use dental implants as standardized reference markers to compare the extent of alveolar bone loss in implant patients with and without HT. We examined medical and dental history records, and radiographic data, from 635 patients receiving 1480 implants during 2000-2017. The rate of bone loss was calculated from differences in radiographic bone levels over time, corrected for radiographic distortion. Peri-implant bone loss from patients with HT was significantly lower than for those without HT (t 1252 = -3.42; 95% confidence interval= 0.47-1.73; P&lt;0.001; M= 0.53 mm/yr and 1.63 mm/yr, respectively. A similar relationship persisted after excluding smokers and diabetics, and after additionally excluding those on systemic steroids, hormone replacement therapy, hormone medications, or autoimmune diseases other than HT. Our data suggest that patients with HT have a decreased rate of bone loss around dental implants and may not be at increased risk for dental implant failure. The decreased bone metabolic rate among patients with HT might contribute to those findings.

Switch Reference in Morphology

Switch reference is a grammaticalized system for marking continuity or discontinuity of reference between two clauses. It is therefore not surprising that switch reference has received a lot of attention from syntacticians. From the syntactic discussions of switch reference, it has become clear that switch reference is far from a unified phenomenon, as it seems to range between a strictly syntactic system in some languages and a pragmatically driven marker of discourse cohesion in others. Switch reference involves the marking of (dis)continuity, and switch reference markers are more often than not morphological units. This means that, apart from the syntactic side, switch reference has a morphological side as well. The morphology of switch reference has received far less attention than its syntax and semantics. Although there are clear tendencies with respect to the morphological characteristics of switch reference markers (they tend to be inflectional suffixes that take a verb as their host), their characteristics are by no means uniform across languages. Switch reference is not always clearly an inflectional category, nor is it always expressed strictly morphologically, but rather by clitics or phonologically free words. Languages may furthermore have dedicated switch reference marking, but in many cases, switch reference is expressed in combination with other categories sharing the exponent. Paradigms of switch reference markers may show several types of asymmetries, whether to do with markedness, (co-)exponence, or different morphosyntactic behavior. A possible reason for the diversity found in switch reference markers, sometimes within the same language, may be the diverse origins of the markers: they may for instance stem from gapping structures, nonfinite verb morphology, pronouns, deictic elements, conjunction markers, or case markers.