Model of Choice Photovoltaic Panels Considering Customers’ Expectations

Photovoltaic electricity generation is key to achieving deep decarbonization with a high degree of electrification. It is predicted that the energy sector will reduce carbon dioxide by producing electricity mainly from photovoltaic (PV) power. Although dynamic development of the implementation of photovoltaic panels has been observed, their choice considering customer specificity is still a problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose the model of choice photovoltaic panels considering customers’ expectations. It can support the choice of a photovoltaic panel of a certain quality (satisfaction of concrete customer) in combination with the cost of its purchase. The proposed model includes acquiring and then processing customers’ expectations into technical criteria, while simultaneously considering the weighting of these criteria. It is realized in a standardized way, i.e., the zero-unitarization method (MUZ), after which normalized values of the quality of the photovoltaic panels’ criteria are obtained. In turn, the quality of these products is estimated by the weighted sum model (WSM) and then integrated with purchase cost in qualitative cost analysis (AKJ). As a result, using the scale of relative states, it is possible to categorize customer satisfaction from indicating qualitative cost and selecting the photovoltaic panel expected by customers (the most satisfactory). The effectiveness of the model was demonstrated by a sensitivity analysis, after which the key PV criteria were indicated. The proposed model is intended for any entity who selects a photovoltaic panel for customers. The computerization of calculations may contribute to its utilitarian dissemination.

Wigner’s friend and Relational Quantum Mechanics: A Reply to Laudisa

Relational Quantum Mechanics is an interpretation of quantum mechanics proposed by Carlo Rovelli. Rovelli argues that, in the same spirit as Einstein’s theory of relativity, physical quantities can only have definite values relative to an observer. Relational Quantum Mechanics is hereby able to offer a principled explanation of the problem of nested measurement, also known as Wigner’s friend. Since quantum states are taken to be relative states that depend on both the system and the observer, there is no inconsistency in the descriptions of the observers. Federico Laudisa has recently argued, however, that Rovelli’s description of Wigner’s friend is ambiguous, because it does not take into account the correlation between the observer and the quantum system. He argues that if this correlation is taken into account, the problem with Wigner’s friend disappears and, therefore, a relativization of quantum states is not necessary. I will show that Laudisa’s criticism is not justified. To the extent that the correlation can be accurately reflected, the problem of Wigner’s friend remains. An interpretation of quantum mechanics that provides a solution to it, like Relational Quantum Mechanics, is therefore a welcome one.

Everettian relative states in the Heisenberg picture

Everett's relative-state construction in quantum theory has never been satisfactorily expressed in the Heisenberg picture. What one might have expected to be a straightforward process was impeded by conceptual and technical problems that we solve here. The result is a construction which, unlike Everett's one in the Schrödinger picture, makes manifest the locality of Everettian multiplicity, its inherently approximative nature and its origin in certain kinds of entanglement and locally inaccessible information. (By Everettian , we are referring not only to Everett's own work, but also to versions of quantum theory that elaborate and refine his. The notion of relative states first appeared in Everett (Everett 1973 In The many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics (eds BS DeWitt, N Graham)). We are proposing a formalism for relative states that is more detailed and more illuminating than Everett's.) Our construction also allows us to give a more precise definition of an Everett ‘universe’, under which it is fully quantum, not quasi-classical, and we compare the Everettian decomposition of a quantum state with the foliation of a space–time.

Is the Copenhagen Interpretation Inapplicable to Quantum Cosmology?

It is generally accepted that the Copenhagen interpretation is inapplicable to quantum cosmology, by contrast with the many worlds interpretation. I shall demonstrate that the two basic principles of the Copenhagen interpretation, the principle of wholeness and the principle of complementarity, do make sense in quantum gravity, since we can judge about quantum gravitational processes in the very early Universe by their vestiges in our macroscopic Universe. I shall present the extended phase space approach to quantum gravity and show that it can be interpreted in the spirit of the Everett’s “relative states” formulation, while there is no contradiction between the “relative states” formulation and the mentioned basic principles of the Copenhagen interpretation.

A Predictive Approach to the Fault Detection in Fail-Safe System of Autonomous Vehicle Based on the Multi-Sliding Mode Observer

This paper describes a predictive method for fault detection in the fail-safe system of autonomous vehicles based on the multi sliding mode observer. In order to detect faults in sensors, such as radar and acceleration sensors used for longitudinal control of the autonomous vehicles, the kinematic model-based sliding mode observer and a predictive algorithm have been used. The driving condition that the subject vehicle is driving with a preceding vehicle has been considered in this study. The relative acceleration has been reconstructed based on the sliding mode observer using relative displacement and velocity. Based on the reconstructed relative acceleration, the upper and lower limits of longitudinal acceleration for fault detection have been derived based on the stochastic analysis of the driver’s driving data. The measured longitudinal acceleration of the subject vehicle has been used to predict the relative states using the longitudinal kinematic model. The predicted relative states have been stored, and the stored states that represent the current states have been used to detect faults in the sensors. With regard to longitudinal acceleration, the multi sliding mode observer has been used to detect faults in the acceleration sensor. The predictive fault detection algorithm proposed in this study can detect faults in the environment sensors individually based on past sensor information. In order to obtain a reasonable performance evaluation, actual driving data and a 3D full vehicle model constructed in the Matlab/Simulink environment have been used in this study. The results of the performance evaluation show that the predictive fault detection algorithm was successfully able to detect faults in the sensors for longitudinal control individually.

Robust Consensus for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems with Uncertainty and Disturbance

This paper investigates robust consensus for nonlinear multiagent systems with uncertainty and disturbance. The consensus evolution behavior is studied under general consensus protocol when each node is disturbed by the relative states between the node and its neighbors. At first, the robust consensus condition is obtained and the convergency analysis is given by using Lyapunov stability theory and matrix theory. Then, the practical consensus is investigated and the bound of the error states is presented. Finally, two numerical simulation examples are given to illustrate the proposed theoretical results.

Stereovision-based relative states and inertia parameter estimation of noncooperative spacecraft

Autonomous proximity operations have recently become appealing as space missions. In particular, the estimation of the relative states and inertia properties of a noncooperative spacecraft is an important but challenging problem, because there might be poor priori information about the target. Using only stereovision measurements, this study developed an adaptive unscented Kalman filter to estimate the relative states and moment-of-inertia ratios of a noncooperative spacecraft. Because the accuracy of the initial relative states has an effect on the estimation convergence performance, attention was also given to their determination. The target’s body-fixed frame was defined in parallel to the chaser’s initial body-fixed frame, and then the initial relative attitude was known. After formulating kinematic constraint equations between the relative states and multiple points on the target surface, particle swarm optimization was utilized to determine the initial relative angular velocity. The initial relative position was also determined under the assumption that the initial relative translational velocity was known. To estimate the relative states and moment-of-inertia ratios using the adaptive unscented Kalman filter, the relative attitude dynamic model was reformulated by designing a novel transition rule with five moment-of-inertia ratios, described in the defined target’s body-fixed frame. The moment-of-inertia ratios were added to the state space, and a new state equation with variant process noise covariance matrix Q was formulated. The measurement updating errors of the relative states were utilized to adaptively modify Q so that the filter could estimate the relative states and moment-of-inertia ratios in two stages. Numerical simulations of the adaptive unscented Kalman filter with unknown moment-of-inertia ratios and the standard unscented Kalman filter with known moment-of-inertia ratios were conducted to illustrate the performance of the adaptive unscented Kalman filter. The obtained results showed the satisfactory convergence of the estimation errors of both the relative states and moment-of-inertia ratios with high accuracy.