THE METABOLITE FINGERPRINTS, ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITIES AND TOXICITIES OF ARTOCARPUS CHAMPEDEN STEMBARK FROM VARIOUS REGIONS IN INDONESIA

In Indonesia, cempedak (Artocarpus champeden Spreng) stembark from family of moraceae had been traditionally used for malarial treatment. Difference in the location of growth could cause the difference of metabolite fingerprints. As a result, there might be different toxicity and antimalarial activity in the same plants. The goal of this study was to obtain the fingerprints of the metabolites found in A. champeden stembark from different parts of Indonesia in order to authenticate and control the extract's quality. Fingerprints were performed using the HPTLC-Densitometry technique, in vitro toxicity and antimalarial activity were also determined using MTT assay and HRP2 assay. The correlation between metabolite fingerprints, toxicity and antimalarial activity was analysed using chemometrics tools: Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Square (PLS) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). As a result, there is significant difference between fingerprints and toxicity profiles of A. champeden (p<0.05), whereas for antimalarial profiles, there is no significant difference between of them (p>0.05). Meanwhile, the nutrients (copper, zinc and manganese) are suspected to be responsible for the metabolite content. Besides morachalcone-A, compounds with Rf values ​​of 0.66 and 0.63 can be proposed as additional markers because they have responsibility for antimalarial activity and toxicity.

Evaluasi Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pati Biji Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) sebagai Bahan Pengisi pada Formulasi Tablet Paracetamol

Cempedak plants are widely distributed in Indonesia, one of which is Kalimantan. Cempedak is a tropical plant, so its potential can be used as an additive in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations. Previous studies used cempedak seed starch as a binding agent in tablet formulations. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in concentration and optimum concentration of Cempedak seed starch (Artocarpus champeden) as a filler for Paracetamol tablets. The study used a True Experimental Design design with a posttest-only control group design. Making tablets using the wet granulation method. Data analysis used the one-way ANOVA test followed by the LSD test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test which continued with the Mann Whitney Test as a derivative test of the one-way ANOVA. Granule evaluation includes organoleptic, flow properties, tapping test, and stationary angle test. The results of the evaluation of the granules produced granules produced from each formulation are in accordance with the requirements. Tablet evaluation included organoleptic, uniformity in weight, the hardness of tablet, friability, and disintegration time. The results of the tablet evaluation showed that the maximum concentration of cempedak seeds was found in F1 because it showed the evaluation results that were in accordance with the requirements. In evaluating the uniformity of weight and hardness of tablets with the Kruskal Wallis H test and the Mann Whitney test, the results show that there are differences in each formula with a P-value <0.05. The results of the evaluation of tablet friability and disintegration time with one-way ANOVA test and LSD test showed differences in each formula with a P-value <0.05. Cempedak seed starch (Artocarpus champeden) can be used as a filler in the loading of Paracetamol tablets by the wet granulation method.

Effect of Formulated Artocarpus champeden Extract on Parasite Growth and Immune Response of Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Background. The ethanol extract of Artocarpus champeden stem bark (ACEE) has been proven to exhibit antimalarial activity. Despite the antimalarial effects observed, mechanisms of immune response to explain the antimalarial activity of ACEE remain poorly characterized. Here, we show the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines T helper 1 (Th1: IFN-γ, TNF-α) and T helper 2 (Th2: IL-10) from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice treated with formulated ACEE in order to better characterize the mechanism behind ACEE’s antimalarial activity. In addition, we have also determined the effect of formulated ACEE on parasite growth and liver function. Methods. Balb/c mice were infected with P. berghei strain ANKA and then administered daily doses of ACEE at a dose of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg BW, and survival time was recorded. We determined the presence of P. berghei in the blood of the infected mice and inhibition of P. berghei growth. In order to assess the liver function of infected mice, we determined aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Determination of cytokines Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-10) levels was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. We found that formulated ACEE inhibited parasite growth and showed the highest antimalarial activity at 100 mg/kg BW. AST and ALT levels were found to be in the normal range, and there was no significant difference among control and treatment groups (P>0.05). Infected mice treated with formulated ACEE showed a significant increase in the production of IFN-γ on day 7 and an increased production of TNF-α on day 4 and day 7. No effect on IL-10 production was observed. Decreased parasitemia and longer survival time were observed when compared with untreated infected mice. Conclusion. This study suggests that the administration of ACEE was effective in inhibiting P. berghei growth in infected mice and extending survival time. No effect on liver function was observed based on AST and ALT levels. The antimalarial effects of ACEE could be explained in part by the enhanced production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. ACEE treatment may provide novel therapeutic strategies for malaria in future.

BACEM (BAHAN BAKAR CEMPEDAK) : INOVASI KULIT CEMPEDAK MENJADI BIOETANOL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF

Penggunaan bahan bakar fosil dewasa ini semakin tidak terkendali. Permintaan akan bahan bakar yang banyak, tidak diimbangi dengan penyediaan dan pengelolaan yang tepat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan bahan alternatif lain yang mampu mengurangi pemakaian bahan bakar fosil agar kelestarian bumi tetap terjaga. Penelitian terdahulu yang memanfaatkan kulit nangka menjadi bioetanol menjadi pencetus awal ide untuk mengganti kulit nangka dengan kulit cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) karena karateristik kulitnya yang hampir sama. Prinsip dari pembuatan bioetanol berbahan dasar kulit cempedak ini menggunakan proses fermentasi dengan bantuan mikroba Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hasil dari pemanfaatan ini adalah bioetanol berbahan dasar kulit cempedak dengan kadar rendah yang dapat menjadi campuran bahan bakar konvensional. Campuran ini memiliki keunggulan yaitu dalam peningkatan performa mesin. Luaran yang dihasilkan juga diharapkan mampu menjadi bahan bakar alternatif sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil saat ini.

PENGARUH RASIO PATI DAN KITOSAN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK BIOPLASTIK DARI PATI BIJI CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus champeden)

Penggunaan plastik sintetik setiap harinya semakin meningkat. Plastik sintetik sulit terdegradasi di alam sehingga diperlukan plastik yang terbuat dari bahan alam yang mudah terdegradasi atau bisa disebut dengan bioplastik. Salah satu bahan alam yang bisa digunakan adalah pati dan kitosan. Pati yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah pati dari biji cempedak. Pembuatan bioplastik dapat dilakukan dengan bahan pati, kitosan, gliserol, asam asetat, dan akuades. Metode pembuatan bioplastik yang digunakan adalah pemanasan selama 30 menit pada suhu 80˚C. Variabel yang digunakan yaitu variasi massa pati dan kitosan 1:1 ; 1:2 ; dan 1:3. Uji bioplastik yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini antara lain uji daya serap air dan uji biodegradasi. Berdasarkan hasil uji daya serap air rasio massa pati dan kitosan 1:1 memiliki daya serap yang paling kecil sebesar 23,94% dan untuk hasil uji biodegradasi rasio massa pati dan kitosan 1:3 mengalami degradasi dengan cepat sebesar 35,17%.Kata Kunci : pati, biji cempedak, kitosan, bioplastik, daya serap air, biodegradasi

Penentuan Kadar Karbohidrat pada Biji Cempedak Hutan (Artocarpus Champeden Lour.) dengan Metoda Tembaga-Iodometri

Forest Cempedak Seeds (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) Are types of seeds that are underutilized by humans. Forest Cempedak Seed Flour has nutritional content of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that can be processed as ingredients for food. This study aims to determine the carbohydrate content of Forest Cempedak Seeds (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) Conducted by the Copper-Iodometric method using a luff schoorl reagent. From the research that has been carried out obtained levels of carbohydrates in Cempedak Seeds (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) of 38.016%.

Penentuan kadar karbohidrat pada biji cempedak hutan (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) dengan metoda tembaga-iodometri

Forest Cempedak Seeds (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) Are types of seeds that are underutilized by humans. Forest Cempedak Seed Flour has nutritional content of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that can be processed as ingredients for food. This study aims to determine the carbohydrate content of Forest Cempedak Seeds (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) Conducted by the Copper-Iodometric method using a luff schoorl reagent. From the research that has been carried out obtained levels of carbohydrates in Cempedak Seeds (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) of 38.016%.

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Bahan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Alami Pada Pertumbuhan Bibit Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden Lour.)

The use of coconut water, green bean sprouts and onions is chosen as natural growth regulator because it is easily obtained at a fairly affordable price. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of various natural growth regulator different concentrations to the growth of cempedak (Artocarpus champeden Lour.) seedlings.The research was conducted from May to July 2018 in the garden of the Tissue Culture Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design with five replications. The first factor was the types of growth regulator, namely: coconut water, green bean sprout extract, and onion extract. The second factor was the concentration of the natural growth regulator substances,consisted of five treatment levels, namely: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mL L-1. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, fresh weight (leaves, stems and roots), dry weight (leaves, stems and roots) and leaf area. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with F-test and continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with a level of 5%. The results showed that there was no interaction between the type and concentration level of the natural growth regulator to the growth of cempedak seedlings.The growth regulator concentrationalso had no significant effect to all growth parameters observed. However, of the type of natural growth regulators showed a significant in the fresh root weight,stem dry weight, and plant height at harvest time.

EKSTRAK KASAR KAYU CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus champeden) DAN AKAR UBE-UBE (Derris elegans) SEBAGAI PENGAWET ALAMI NIRA AREN

AbstrakNira aren (Arenga pinnata) sebagai bahan baku pembuatan gula aren mudah terkontaminasi oleh mikroba seperti khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan bakteri Acetobacter sp. Kerusakan nira dapat dihambat dengan menggunakan bahan pengawet alami. Bahan pengawet alami yang biasa digunakan untuk menghambat kerusakan nira aren ialah ekstrak kayu cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) dan ekstrak akar ube-ube (Derris elegans) yang dibuat dengan menggunakan teknik maserasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi terbaik dalam penghambatan mikroba dan konsentrasi terbaik aplikasi sebagai pengawet alami nira aren. Pengamatan meliputi penghambatan mikroba (pembentukkan zona) dan aplikasi pengawet alami nira aren (total gula dan pH). Hasil menunjukkan ekstrak akar ube-ube konsentrasi 14% merupakan konsentrasi terbaik dalam pembentukkan zona penghambatan mikroba. Nilai total gula dan pH terbaik dalam mencegah kerusakan nira aren pada penambahan ekstrak ube-ube dengan konsentrasi 14%. Berdasarkan penelitian ini bahwa ekstrak akar ube-ube dengan konsentrasi 14% merupakan pengawet alami yang terbaik dalam mengambat mikroba perusak nira aren.Abstract Palm juice (Arenga pinnata) as a raw material for making palm sugar easily contaminated by microbes such as yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacteria Acetobacter sp. Damage to sap can be inhibited by using natural preservatives. Natural preservatives used to inhibit the damage to Arenga pinnata sap is cempedak wood extract (Artocarpus champeden) and ube-ube root extract (Derris elegans) making of using maseration technique. The purpose of this research consentration that shows the best to inhibition growth to microbial and consentration that natural palm juice preservative application. Observations included microbial inhibition (zone formation) and natural palm juice preservative (total sugar and pH). The results showed extract ube-ube root concentration of 14% is the best concentration to inhibition growth to microbial. The value of total sugar and pH the best in preventing damage to palm juice on the addition of extract ube-ube root with a concentration of 14%. Based in this study that the of extract ube-ube root with a consentration of 14% is the best natural preservative in inhibiting the microbes destroying palm sugar.