Validity and reliability of palatal rugae morphometric assessment with 3D laser scanned models

Aim: To assess the reliability and validity of morphometric features on 3D digital models produced by scanning maxillary dental casts of Malaysian Malay subjects. Methods: Dental casts of 20 subjects were scanned using a 3D laser scanner (Next Engine Inc., Santa Monica, California, USA). The palatal rugae morphometric features were assessed on the resulting 3D models using 3-Matic Research 9.0 software (Materialise NV, Heverlee, Belgium). The assessments were repeated by the first and second authors to assess the intra- and interexaminer reliability, respectively. Rugae morphometric features were also evaluated on the conventional plaster models to assess the validity of the 3D method. Results: Kappa values of the validity ranged from 0.807 to 0.922 for rugae shape, size category and direction. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for rugae number validity was 0.979. For intra-examiner reliability, kappa values ranged from 0.716-1.000 for rugae shape, size category and direction. The ICC for rugae number intra-examiner reliability was 0.949. Kappa values of interexaminer reliability for rugae shape, size category and direction were 0.723-885, while the ICC of rugae number was 0.896. Conclusion: Palatal rugae analyses on 3D digital models scanned by the 3D Next Engine laser scanner using 3-Matic Research 9.0 software are valid and reliable.

EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PROCESS PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D PRINTED PLA PRODUCT

The method of producing items through synchronously depositing material level by level, based on 3D digital models, is named Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D-printing. Amongs many AM methods, the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique along with PLA (Polylactic acid) material is commonly used in additive manufacturing. Until now, the mechanical properties of the AM components could not be calculated or estimated until they've been assembled and checked. In this work, a novel approach is suggested as to how the extrusion process affects the mechanical properties of the printed component to obtain how the parts can be manufactured or printed to achieve improved mechanical properties. This methodology is based on an experimental procedure in which the combination of parameters to achieve an optimal from a manufacturing experiment and its value can be determined, the results obtained show the effect of the extrusion process affects the mechanical properties.

Operative Workflow from CT to 3D Printing of the Heart: Opportunities and Challenges

Medical images do not provide a natural visualization of 3D anatomical structures, while 3D digital models are able to solve this problem. Interesting applications based on these models can be found in the cardiovascular field. The generation of a good-quality anatomical model of the heart is one of the most complex tasks in this context. Its 3D representation has the potential to provide detailed spatial information concerning the heart’s structure, also offering the opportunity for further investigations if combined with additive manufacturing. When investigated, the adaption of printed models turned out to be beneficial in complex surgical procedure planning, for training, education and medical communication. In this paper, we will illustrate the difficulties that may be encountered in the workflow from a stack of Computed Tomography (CT) to the hand-held printed heart model. An important goal will consist in the realization of a heart model that can take into account real wall thickness variability. Stereolithography printing technology will be exploited with a commercial rigid resin. A flexible material will be tested too, but results will not be so satisfactory. As a preliminary validation of this kind of approach, print accuracy will be evaluated by directly comparing 3D scanner acquisitions to the original Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files.

MULTI-SENSOR DATA ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION PROCESSES FOR THE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF THE CHURCH OF SANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI IN PIZZOFALCONE IN NAPLES

The paper presents the results of a research carried out on the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Pizzofalcone in Naples, in which multi-sensor surveys have been performed in order to assess the architectonical, geometrical and colorimetric characteristics of the majestic basilica. The use of integrated technologies made it possible to realize 3D digital models that allowed the complete representation of the building, integrating data and filling the gaps of the different previous surveys. The performances of the various reality-based technologies employed have been subjected to critical analysis in order to maximize their potential, optimize survey and data elaboration phases, and obtain the expected results. These latter have been defined through the derived digital re-elaborations and representations. Hence, the objective of the research is to carry out a comparative analysis on the 3D models generated through the different active and passive sensors employed in order to proceed with their integration and achieve an accurate, original and updated methodology of building survey.

MODALITIES OF VALORISATION AND PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH ICT: ADDING NEW MILESTONES TO THE “STANDARD” PRACTICE

Nowadays, in the academic field, it is growing the demand for digital competencies bounded to advanced communication strategies. More and more national and international project required to the scientific community to be increasingly open to new targets of public, even not expert one. The focus point is that the research must be accessed not only by professionals, but it has to engage a broader public, starting from local communities to the public of the web. This statement is testified by the European funds calls that ask for communication activities and strategies, along with dissemination and exploitation. Why these three activities are so important? Because they are strictly related to the impact that a project can have, not only for the academic world, but also for the outside. This trend is growing fast in each scientific field: also in Cultural Heritage conservation, where it is more and more common the uses of 3D digital models not only for maintenance purposes, but also as a bridge between the heritage and non-expert publics. The question is how advanced digital techniques can help the process of valorisation of Cultural Heritage at different stages? The article wants to look for a standard practice to promote and enhance Cultural Heritage using digital technologies. Through the analysis of a series of case studies, it wants to show how to build a valorisation strategy, considering all the components of CH, and how it can be implemented adding new disciplines and skills (communication and promotion), enhancing users’ access and interaction.

Mixing Worlds

OverviewSpatial and shape data represented by 3D digital models have become a central component of our archaeological datasets. Immersive visual and audio interaction with these models offers an intuitive way to use these data. The mixing of the virtual with the real world suits archaeological work particularly well, and the technologies of augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) enable this type of interaction. Much past work on these technologies has involved public engagement, but they also hold the potential for valuable deployment directly in archaeological practice and research, especially the seamless integration offered by MR. This review examines the range of experiments archaeologists are currently undertaking with AR and MR, and it looks to the future applications of these technologies.

Photogrammetry: What, How, and Where

Developing 3D digital models of artefacts, monuments, excavations and historic landscapes as part of digital documentation is becoming common in the field of heritage management, virtual tourism, immersive Due to the present pandemic situation with restricted social distancing; gallery, library, archive, and museum (GLAM) industries are facing an incremental burden on both their income and visitor traffic, which is affecting their survival. As a way out, we can see some GLAM institutes are trying to expand their collections on digital platforms for showcasing and promoting virtual visits. Numerous online portals and repositories are evolving for archiving, sharing, and trading 3D models are also evolving to support this digital vibe. This chapter explains the basics of photogrammetry and its development workflow, including data acquisition (photo shooting), data processing and a few post-processing tools. visualisation and scientific research. Such 3D reconstruction or 3D data acquisition form a laser scanning process involves high costs, manual labour and substantial expertise. On the other hand, Image-based 3D modelling photogrammetry software offers a comparatively inexpensive alternative and can handle the task with ease. Besides, documenting heritage artefacts with free and open-source software (FOSS) in supporting photogrammetry is getting popular for quality data production.

The Assessment of 3D Digital Models Using GOSLON Yardstick Index: Exploring Confounding Factors Responsible for Unfavourable Treatment Outcome in Multi-Population Children With UCLP

To evaluate dental arch relationship (DAR) using GOSLON Yardstick and also to explore the association between multiple factors (age, gender, UCLP types, UCLP side, Family history of cleft, family history of Class III malocclusion, techniques of cheiloplasty, techniques of palatoplasty) and DAR in children unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in different populations. Two hundred fifty-five laser scanned 3D digital models (LS3DM) of UCLP children (5–12 years) from Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan were included. The intra- and inter-examiner agreements were evaluated by kappa statistics, to compare the GOSLON mean score between the populations and to explore the responsible factors that affect DAR, one way ANOVA, and crude logistic regression analysis was used, respectively. The mean GOSLON score was 2.97; 3.40 and 3.09 in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, respectively. Twenty seven, 40, and 30 subjects were in unfavourable (category rating 4 and 5) groups in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, respectively. A significant association was found between techniques of palatoplasty (p = 0.03; p = 0.04 and p = 0.04 in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, respectively) and unfavourable DAR. Different cheiloplasty techniques (p = 0.04) and gender (p = 0.03) also exhibited noteworthy associations with unfavourable DAR in the Bangladeshi population. Bardach techniques of palatoplasty were significantly associated with unfavourable DAR in all three populations. Moreover, male UCLP and modified Millard techniques of cheiloplasty were also associated with unfavourable DAR in the Bangladeshi population.

Three-Dimensional Measurement and Three-Dimensional Printing of Giant Coastal Rocks

In recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) measurement and printing technologies has become an effective means of analyzing and reproducing both physical and natural objects, regardless of size. However, in some complex environments, such as coastal environments, it is difficult to obtain the required data by conventional measurement methods. In this paper, we describe our efforts to archive and digitally reproduce a giant coastal rock formation known as Sanouiwa, a famous site off the coast of Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. We used two different 3D measurement techniques. The first involved taking pictures using a drone-mounted camera, and the second involved the use of global navigation satellite system data. The point cloud data generated from the high-resolution camera images were integrated using 3D shape reconstruction software, and 3D digital models were created for use in tourism promotion and environmental protection awareness initiatives. Finally, we fabricated the 3D digital models of the rocks with 3D printers for use as museum exhibitions, school curriculum materials, and related applications.