<p>In order to better understand the environmental behaviour of thallium, we have chosen the abandoned As&#8211;Sb&#8211;Tl&#8211;Au Allchar deposit (North Macedonia) with unique mineral composition and high thallium grades of the ore. We used pore water analyses, selective extractions, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), SEM-EDS, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and Raman spectroscopy to determine the distribution and speciation of thallium in waste dump material at the Tl-rich Crven Dol locality in the northern part of the Allchar deposit.</p><p>PXRD studies showed that the various solid waste samples are comprised mostly of carbonates (dolomite and calcite), gypsum, quartz, muscovite, kaolinite-group minerals followed by orpiment, realgar, pyrite, marcasite, lorandite, and various iron and calcium arsenates and iron (hydro)oxides, both amorphous and crystalline. Raman spectra, SEM-EDS and EMPA also showed the presence of Ca-Fe-, Ca-Mn-, and Ca-Mg-arsenates.</p><p>The main primary source of Tl in the waste is lorandite (TlAsS<sub>2</sub>), which occurs as prismatic crystals and anhedral grains up to 1 mm and is frequently intergrown with realgar. Other Tl sources, included in either realgar or orpiment, are minor Tl sulphosalts such as fangite (Tl<sub>3</sub>AsS<sub>4</sub>), raguinite (TlFeS<sub>2</sub>), picotpaulite (TlFe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) and jankovi&#263;ite (Tl<sub>5</sub>Sb<sub>9</sub>(As,Sb)<sub>4</sub>S<sub>22</sub>). The Tl dissolved during weathering is precipitated as micaceous subparallel crystals of poorly crystalline to amorphous thallium arsenates (representing previously unknown mineral species), forming porous aggregates up to 100 &#181;m. These Tl arsenates are intergrown with dolomite and Ca-Fe-arsenates and appear as two chemically different phases. The first, more common phase shows a variable Tl:As ratio ranging from ca. 2.1 to 4.1 and a variable Ca content (2.2 to 4.1 at.%). In the second, Tl-richer phase, the Tl:As ratio varies from ca. 5.1 to 8.4. Raman spectra of the Tl arsenates display broad bands and may be divided in the fingerprint region into two relevant ranges, 350&#8211;600 and 700&#8211;900 cm<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, both attributed to arsenate tetrahedral complexes showing As&#8211;O(<em>X</em>) symmetric stretching with <em>X</em> = H<sup>+</sup> or H<sub>2</sub>O.</p><p>Another relatively common Tl precipitate is dorallcharite [TlFe<sup>3+</sup><sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>], crystallizing in the form of tiny, well-formed platelets that are grouped into aggregates up to 400 &#181;m in size. Tl is also accumulated in (probably cryptomelane-type) Mn oxides (up to 3.6 at.%), pharmacosiderite (up to 0.9 at.%), and jarosite (up to 0.9 at.%).</p><p>The pore water contained high aqueous concentrations of Tl (up to 660 &#956;g&#183;L<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) and As (up to 196 mg&#183;L<sup>&#8722;1</sup>). Although these concentrations are low with respect to their total concentrations in the solid phase (Tl: 0.07-1.44 wt. %; As: 0.72-8.67 wt. %), mild extractions (ammonium nitrate and phosphate) mobilized up to 44% of the total Tl and 23% of the total As, indicating that a large amount of these toxic elements is bound weakly (sorption) to solids and can be easily mobilized into the pore water.</p><p>Financial support of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P 30900-N28] is gratefully acknowledged.</p>