A technology review on treatment of acid mine drainage with bentonite–steel slag composite

Acid mine drainage (AMD) which produced in the process of mining seriously pollutes the water resources and endangers the ecological environment due to its physicochemical characteristics, such as low pH, high salinity and high heavy metal concentrations. In recent decades, the treatment of AMD has become a key issue in the field of environmental protection. One important method of AMD treatment is adsorption method, and the selection of adsorbent is the key of this technique. Bentonite and steel slag are usually sintered at high temperatures to prepare bentonite–steel slag composite. AMD treatment with bentonite–steel slag composite, as a new adsorbent, is emerging as a promising treatment method by physical adsorption, ion exchange and chemical neutralization. The bentonite–steel slag composites mainly include bicomponent composite with bentonite–steel slag and multicomponent composite with bentonite–steel slag modifier. The author found that this important research question was rarely paid attention to, therefore, and the author combined with previous research and theories to promote the explanation of this problem. In this review, the technology of treatment of AMD with bentonite–steel slag composite is comprehensively discussed. Also, the role of its mechanism is also discussed in-depth. This paper provides a scientific reference on the remediation of contaminated environments.

Nanocomplexes of β-cyclodextrin with liposoluble vitamins and peptides of milk protein hydrolyzate for functional food products

Исследования в области диетологии показали, что для разработки функциональных продуктов питания требуется создать мультикомпонентные композиции, в состав которых входят макро- и микронутриенты. Для создания таких композиций были получены пептиды из гидролизата белков сыворотки молока с молекулярными массами 150-6000 Да (ФП-ГБС). Для снижения их горького вкуса они были включены в бета-ЦД с использованием метода соосаждения. В полученном комплексе ФП-ГБС:бета-ЦД горький вкус пептидов снизился до умеренно горького. Комплексы включения жирорастворимых витаминов D:бета-ЦД и A:бета-ЦД позволили перевести их из жидкого состояния в порошкообразную форму, в которой они обладают повышенной термостабильностью и растворимостью в воде. На их основе был разработан мультикомпонентный композит, в 100 г которого содержалось 30 г ФП-ГБС, 1,06 мг витамина D (42500 МЕ), 86,0 мг витамина А (250000 МЕ) и 4 г оливкового масла. Проведены исследования структурно-функциональных свойств полученных образцов комплексов включения. Показано, что антиоксидантная активность полученных образцов комплексов включения убывает в ряду: мультикомпонентный композит <ФП-ГБС:бета-ЦД <A:бета-ЦД <D:бета-ЦД. На модели индуцированного мутагенеза в тесте Эймса на штаммах Salmonella typhimurium ТА 98 и Salmonella typhimurium ТА 100 показано, что ФП-ГБС:бета-ЦД и мультикомпонентная композиция проявляют антимутагенное действие, предотвращая на 20 % мутации замены пар оснований и на 15 % сдвиг рамки считывания. Проведенная токсиколого-гигиеническая оценка нанокомплексов ФП-ГБС: бета-ЦД, D:бета-ЦД, A:бета-ЦД и их мультикомпонентного композита в экспериментах на Tetrahymena pyriformis показала, что по средней смертельной дозе они относится к 5-му классу опасности (неопасные вещества). Полученные порошкообразные формы жирорастворимых витаминов и пептидов легко дозируются и могут быть использованы при разработке различных функциональных продуктов питания. Research in the field of dietetics has shown that the development of functional foods requires the creation of multicomponent compositions which include macro- and micronutrients. To create such compositions, peptides were obtained from the hydrolyzate of milk whey proteins with molecular weights of 150-6000 Da (FP-GBS). To reduce their bitter taste, they were incorporated into beta-CD using the co-precipitation method. In the resulting complex FP-GBS:beta-CD, the bitter taste of the peptides decreased to moderately bitter. The inclusion complexes of liposoluble vitamins D:beta-CD and A:beta-CD made it possible to transform them from a liquid state into a powder form, in which they have increased thermal stability and solubility in water. On their basis, a multicomponent composite was developed, 100 g of which contained 30 g of FP-GBS, 1.06 mg of vitamin D (42,500 IU), 86.0 mg of vitamin A (250,000 IU) and 4 g of olive oil. The structural and functional properties of the obtained samples of inclusion complexes were studied. It was shown that the antioxidant activity of the obtained samples of inclusion complexes decreases in the series: multicomponent composite <FP-GBS:beta-CD <A:beta-CD <D:beta-CD. On the model of induced mutagenesis in the Ames test on the strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and Salmonella typhimurium TA 100, it was shown that FP-GBS:beta-CD and a multicomponent composition exhibit an antimutagenic effect, preventing base pair substitution mutations by 20 % and reading frame shift by 15 %. The toxicological and hygienic assessment nanocomplexes of the FP-GBS:beta-CD, D:beta-CD and A:beta-CD and their multicomponent composite in experiments on Tetrahymena pyriformis showed that, in terms of the average lethal dose, they belong to the 5th hazard class (non-hazardous substances). The obtained powder forms of liposoluble vitamins and peptides are easily dosed and can be used in the development of various functional food products.

Three-Dimensional Printing of Natural Materials Involving Loess-Based Composite Materials Designed for Ecofriendly Applications

In this work, loess-based materials were designed based on a multicomponent composite materials system for ecofriendly natural three-dimensional (3D) printing involving quick lime, gypsum, and water. The 3D printing process was monitored as a function of gypsum content; in terms of mechanical strength and electrical resistance, in the cube-shaped bulk form. After initial optimization, the 3D printing composition was refined to provide improved printability in a 3D printing system. The optimal 3D fabrication allowed for reproducible printing of rectangular columns and cubes. The development of 3D printing materials was scrutinized using a multitude of physicochemical probing tools, including X-ray diffraction for phase identification, impedance spectroscopy to monitor setting behaviors, and mercury intrusion porosimetry to extract the pore structure of loess-based composite materials. Additionally, the setting behavior in the loess-based composite materials was analyzed by investigating the formation of gypsum hydrates induced by chemical reaction between quick lime and water. This setting reaction provides reasonable mechanical strength that is sufficient to print loess-based pastes via 3D printing. Such mechanical strength allows utilization of robotic 3D printing applications that can be used to fabricate ecofriendly structures.

Technology for Producing Composite Materials Based on Multi-component Man-generic Raw Materials

The state and prospects of development of production of composites based on various types of multicomponent raw materials (silicon oxide, slag, etc.) and their components are considered. Modern achievements in the field of condensed matter physics of composite materials with mineral matrices and various dimensional levels of fillers are considered. The approaches of leading scientific schools to the creation of composites are analyzed; it is revealed that many issues of obtaining multicomponent composite materials remain open. It is concluded that the optimization of the process of obtaining composites based on multicomponent raw materials should be carried out by changing the target functions and parameters that take into account all types of interaction of components. A method for selecting mineral matrices for the production of composite materials has been developed, the essence of which is to compare the component compositions of raw materials and composite materials, and the search for matrices is performed by the maximum optimal value of intermolecular distances in multicomponent raw materials and composite materials.

INITIAL RESEARCH OF MINERAL BASED ANTI-CORROSION MULTICOMPONENT COMPOSITE MATERIAL

The new approach is to create a multicomponent composite material on a basis of mineral component by defining extreme value of the multi-variable function. It is decided to carry out theoretical analyze first. For theoretical analysis, the effects of component quantity on the parameters to be determined by experiments and in all cases the results to be theorized. Thus, the mathematical formula for the relation of anti-corrosion with components has been determined. In order to evaluate anti-corrosion it is defined multi-variablefunctional relation and with this function it is achieved extreme values on optimum values of each component. The new material is compared to traditional anti –corrosion material that are common. Currently implemented anti –corrosion material doesn’t require needs of modern technological expectation. From this point of view anti-corrosion materials need to have appropriate technical parameters. Traditional anti-corrosion materials basically have one or two components and these materials has protective film layer. Disadvantage of this film layer is whole layer can easily be destructed from weak point. This is due to the fact that traditional materials form film layer in connection areas. Compare with this one the new material has discrete structure. On this basis, the combination of protective and constructive material binding based on adhesion and cohesion. The structure not allows material to be destructed from weak point. On a basis of achieved theoretical results optimal quantity of each component is clarified, anti-corrosion material is made and tested. The novelty of the approach is to achieve high quality anti-corrosion material by defining an extreme value of the multi-variable function.