Participative opposition applied

Opposition theory is one of the main outcomes of structural linguistics of the last century. While it is still valid and used in the field of phonology, it has not had the same fortune in other linguistic disciplines and has been replaced by other theoretical concepts. The present paper aims to revisit the opposition theory, particularly Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of participative opposition. Participative opposition seems to have a high application potential not only in linguistics but also in other scientific fields. The first part of the paper outlines a brief history of the binary opposition theory within structural linguistics, while the second part introduces the somewhat forgotten concept of participative opposition, shows its explanatory power and, finally, its possible applicability in biology.

The Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) As an Opposition Force in The Joko Widodo’s Era in 2014-2020

FPI (Islamic Defenders Front) is a mass organization that has consistently positioned itself as the opposition since the reformation. However, during the Jokowi era, the FPI's opposition was more dominant than during before Jokowi era. Using Robert A. Dahl's opposition theory and Maurice Duverger's pressure group theory, as well as qualitative methods, this study wants to see the reasons for FPI as an opposition, FPI's affiliation with Joko Widodo's political opponents. It then analyzes the relationship between ideological and political aspects. This study shows that the FPI oppositional movement is divided into two. That is, the FPI oppositional movement is based on ideological aspects and based on political aspects. This includes da'wah, political support for Jokowi's opponents, and oppressive movements such as the 212 movements. FPI can strengthen identity politics because FPI often uses SARA issues in its movement as a radical Islamic organization.

CASTING THE LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF OPPOSITION ONTO HOHFELD'S FUNDAMENTAL LEGAL CONCEPTS

At the core of Hohfeld's contribution to legal theory is a conceptual framework for the analysis of the legal positions occupied by agents in intersubjective legal relations. Hohfeld presented a system of eight “fundamental” concepts relying on notions of opposition and correlation. Throughout the years, a number of authors have followed Hohfeld in applying the notion of opposition to analyze legal concepts. Many of these authors have accounted for Hohfeld's theory in direct analogy with the standard deontic hexagon. This paper reviews some of these accounts and extends them employing recent developments from opposition theory. In particular, we are able to extend application of opposition theory to an open conception of the law. We also account for the implications of abandoning the assumption of conflict-freedom and admitting seemingly conflicting legal positions. This enables a fuller analysis of Hohfeld's conceptual analytical framework. We also offer a novel analysis of Hohfeld's power positions.

Ben Jelloun’s Point of View on Racism in the Essay Le Racisme Expliqueé À Ma Fille

Moroccan literature has been growing since the 1950s, when Morocco was still under French occupation. The big themes that commonly appear in Moroccan literature are the issues of colonialism and racism. One Moroccan writer whose work speaks a lot about racism is Tahar Ben Jelloun. This article aims to analyze one of Ben Jelloun's works entitled Le Racisme expliquée à ma fille. The essay discusses a father and his 10-year-old daughter about racism and what makes people became racist. In the essay, some words are in bold, and these words are mostly phenomena or social events related to the dark history of world civilization due to racism. This study used a qualitative method by using Genette's focalization theory and opposition theory by Greimas markers. The analysis results show that the concept of racism in this essay is conveyed through the father's focalization even though the essay's form is a question and answer between the father and daughter. The selection of forms of dialogue with father and daughter figures can be seen as a narrative strategy to convey the implicit meaning to combat racism. Anti-racism education in the family is Tahar Ben Jelloun's reflection on solutions to racism in the world.

Oposisi dalam Novel 'Rahuvana Tattwa' karya Agus Sunyoto: Analisis Intertekstual Julia Kristeva (Opposition in Agus Sunyoto's 'Rahuvana Tattwa' Novel: Julia Kristeva’s Intertextual Analysis)

Novel Rahuvana Tattwa digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengkaji teori intertekstual perspektif Julia Kristeva yang berupa oposisi. Terdapat dua pertentangan atau lebih yang disandingkan dalam teori oposisi. Pertentangan itu menyebabkan terjadinya perpecahan karena tidak dapat dipersatukan. Oposisi diungkap menggunakan teori intertekstualitas Julia Kristeva yang terdapat pada novel Rahuvana Tattwa karya Agus Sunyoto. Novel Rahuvana Tattwa merupakan salah satu pertentangan dari cerita Ramayana. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, data dikumpulkan melalui baca catat, penelitian dilakukan dengan cara membaca secara keseluruhan kemudian mencatat data-data yang terdapat di dalam novel Rahuvana Tattwa karya Agus Sunyoto cetakan pertama tahun 2009. Instrumen penelitian pada metode penelitian kualitatif adalah peneliti sendiri yang bertugak untuk mengumpulkan data, menganalisis, kemudian menjabarkan. Ditemukan tiga oposisi pada novel Rahuvana Tattwa, yaitu sesembahan dengan jumlah tujuh data, sistem kekerabatan empat data dan peradaban 12 data dari kedua golongan.Kata kunci: intertekstual, oposisi, budaya, Rahuvana Tattwa, Julia KristevaABSTRACTRahuvana Tattwa is the novel used in this study to examine the intertextual theory of Julia Kristeva's perspective in the form of opposition. There are two or more contradictions that are juxtaposed in opposition theory. This contradiction causes division because it cannot be united. The opposition was expressed using Julia Kristeva's intertextuality theory contained in Agus Sunyoto's Rahuvana Tattwa novel. Rahuvana Tattwa's novel is one of the contradictions of the Ramayana story. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, data is collected through reading notes, research is done by reading as a whole and then recording the data contained in the novel Rahuvana Tattwa by Agus Sunyoto the first printing in 2009. The research instrument in qualitative research methods is the researcher himself which has a duty to collect data, analyze, and then describe. Found three oppositions in the novel Rahuvana Tattwa, namely offering seven data, kinship four data systems and 12 civilization data from both groups.

Breaking frame and frame-shifting in Bassem Youssef’s satirical TV show al-Bernāmeg

This paper reviews how humor is made in terms of three theoretical models. First, it draws on the contribution of the structural semantics to the understanding of the text of the joke, especially the related notion of isotopy and the linear organization of the text of the joke. Second, this paper discusses humor in light of the Semantic Script Theory of Humor (SSTH), and the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH). Third, this paper draws also on two pragmatic and discursive approaches, namely Grice’s cooperative principle, and Simpson’s model of satire as a discourse. This paper argues that semantic incongruities and their resolutions, as well as the violations of the cooperation principle can be best apprehended in light of the frames theory as developed in social sciences by Erving Goffman and frameshifting theory as it has been developed by Seana Coulson. The aim of this paper is to reveal the mechanism used toproduce humorand laughter in one of the most popular satirical shows in the Arab world, Bassem Youssef’s al-Bernāmeg. The focus is not only on what humor/satire does (ridicule, mockery, attack of targets, overstepping of boundaries…), but also on how it does it (violation of codes, breaking frames, frame-shifting, conceptual blending) and why these discursive strategies are used (implications in light of historical and cultural context). This paper also argues that the generation of humor can be based broadly on breaking frames, which is inclusive of incongruity (both verbal and contextual), but studied in a multimodal content where incongruity is based on breaking and shattering frames that are constructed in verbal and visual forms. Humor generation is conducted through a continuous chain-like process of building, shattering, and rebuilding frames. It also deals with the frame-shifting and conceptual blending mechanisms at the level of interpretation and the construction of the meaning of humor. The aim is to account for the creative and flexible use of language for satiric purposes and thus to enhance the ability of traditional frame-based systems, including script-opposition theory to account for such flexibility in light of context and with reference to background.

Creating Society in Orwell’s 1984

In this paper, the idea of constructing a new society in George Orwell’s 1984 is analyzed in the context of the Paris School’s semiotics trajectory. Saussurean legacy, which heavily sheds light on the semiotic conception of the school proposed by Greimas, asserts the significance of dichotomies for signs to gain their meaning. Accordingly, the study is grounded on the desired and non-desired contrariety to make the analysis with the semiotic square meaningful. It is possible to encounter the traces of the proposed idea pertaining to the struggle of forming an ideal society at all levels of meaning, predominantly at the deep level as the proposed idea represents the elementary meaning of the narrative, throughout the text. Considering the approach, desired society gains its meaning in the face of the non-desired one relativistically. Regarding the opposition theory of Saussure, what is good for the Party is not supposed to be good for the Opponents. For this reason, the idea of creating society is on the battleground, as there is an uphill fight between the ruling Party and the Opponents. The formation of desired society is revealed thanks to the semiotic square by focusing on both positive and negative transition processes. The really interesting aspect that we encountered is the vicious unended cycle and the war that will never end between the stated groups within the framework of the ideology/axiology perspective.