Overview

This chapter presents national estimates of incomes and inequality for 2007 and 2013. It begins with discussion of the CHIP datasets and measurement issues. It then reports core estimates of income and inequality, which indicate a modest decline in inequality during this period. Estimates are reported separately for formal urban residents, rural residents, and rural-to-urban migrants, with discussion of the effects of migration on inequality. Incomes and inequality are decomposed among the different sources of income; the urban/rural and regional income gaps are investigated. Alternative estimates of national inequality—using different income definitions, inequality indexes, and prices—are reported, as well as estimates that adjust for the underrepresentation of incomes in the top tail of the income distribution. The estimated decline in national inequality survives some but not all of these alternative calculations and thus raises questions about the magnitude and long-term sustainability of the inequality decline.

Change in the Prevalence and Social Patterning of First- and Second-Hand Smoking in PORTUGAL: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2005 and 2014)

Between 2005 and 2007, important reinforcements of the tobacco legislation have been implemented in Portugal, which may have affected smoking patterns. The aim of this study was to measure the change in prevalence of first- and second-hand smoking (SHS) among adults, and its socio-demographic patterning in Portugal from 2005 to 2014. Data from the last two Portuguese National Health Interview Surveys (2005 and 2014) were used. The changes in daily smoking and SHS were measured using Poisson regressions, stratifying by sex and survey year. The inequalities were measured using relative inequality indexes (RII). From 2005 to 2014, there was a reduction in SHS (75%–54% among men, and 52%–38% among women), and a reduction in smoking among men (27%–26%), and an increase among women (9%–12%). SHS reduction was more marked among less privileged people. Among Portuguese men, inequalities in daily smoking have increased slightly, while among women the gap favoring low-educated reduced. Between 2005 and 2014, SHS decreased, but not daily smoking, particularly among women. Additionally, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking increased. Future policies should simultaneously tackle smoking and SHS prevalence, and their socioeconomic patterning. More comprehensive policies such as comprehensive national (non-partial) bans, combined with price increases could be more effective.

Neoliberalización y gobernanza en ciudades del País Vasco

<p>Partiendo del concepto de variaciones de neoliberalización propuesto por Brenner y Teodhore (Brenner et al. 2010), en este artículo presentamos el análisis comparado de la influencia de esas variaciones en los mecanismos de gobernanza de dos ciudades del País Vasco: Bilbao y Donostia-San Sebastián.</p><p>El trabajo de campo de los estudios de caso ha sido realizado en el contexto del proyecto de investigación TRANSGOB dirigido por Ismael Blanco y los resultados obtenidos nos sirven para poder realizar una retrospectiva de los escenarios desde los que los gobiernos locales han afrontado los cambios provenientes del urbanismo de austeridad (Peck, 2012). Nos fijaremos especialmente en las culturas participativas previas vinculadas a la participación, y cómo estas ejercen de filtros explicativos de los mecanismos de gobernanza.</p><p>Además, queremos poner en relación la cultura participativa institucional influenciada por las redes de movimientos urbanos y tejido social existente, con la gestión del incremento de la desigualdad generado por la crisis analizando los mecanismos propios que el marco competencial vasco otorga a las ciudades. En concreto, dos cuestiones destacan sobre las demás: la política sobre la complementación de las ayudas de emergencia social y sobre el empadronamiento y, por ende, la capacidad de acceso del colectivo inmigrante a los servicios sociales.</p><p>Los resultados, desde el punto de vista de las variaciones de la neoliberalización, advierten de la capacidad del modelo de Donostia-San Sebastián para profundizar en las dinámicas participativas previamente existentes manteniendo un modelo de participación y políticas sociales más inclusivas, así como de la dificultad del modelo bilbaíno de afrontar la conflictividad y el incremento de los índices de desigualdad.</p><p>Summary.</p><p>Starting from the concept of neoliberalization variations proposed by Brenner and Teodhore (Brenner et al., 2010), this article presents the comparative analysis of the influence of these variations on the governance mechanisms in two cities of the Basque Country: Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastian.</p><p>The fieldwork of the case studies has been carried out in the context of the TRANSGOB research project led by Ismael Blanco and the results obtained serve to make a retrospective of the scenarios from which the local governments have faced the changes coming from the austerity planning (Peck, 2012). We will pay special attention to the participatory cultures linked to participation, and how these are explanatory filters of the governance mechanisms.</p><p>Besides, we will put in relation the institutional participatory culture influenced by the networks of urban movements and associative social network, with the management of the increase of the inequality generated by the crisis analyzing the own mechanisms that the Basque jurisdictional framework grants to the cities. Specifically, two issues stand out above the others: the policy on the complementation of social emergency aid and on the enumeration and, therefore, the ability of the immigrant community to access social services.</p>The results, from the point of view of the variations of neoliberalization, warn of the capacity of the Donostia-San Sebastián model to deepen the previously existing participatory dynamics by maintaining a more inclusive model of participation and social policies, as well as the difficulty of the Bilbao model to face the conflict and the increase of inequality indexes.

Contributing to Fisheries Sustainability: Inequality Analysis in the High Seas Catches of Countries

The uneven exploitation of scarce natural resources threatens their sustainability by altering the commitment of agents. In fisheries, a great portion of catches is known to be concentrated in a few countries. Aiming to provide a more complete view on the distributional issues associated to the exploitation of common marine resources, this article focuses on the analysis of catches from high seas, which can be understood as the common marine resources under the current legislation. The analysis focuses on the evolution of several inequality indexes (the Gini index as well as others from the Atkinson and General Entropy families) from 1960 to 2014. Additionally, the Theil index is decomposed to observe whether this inequality is given by biological (between inequality) or technological (within inequality) reasons. All inequality indexes confirm that the exploitation of fishing resources in high seas is very unequal across countries. However, this inequality has decreased between 29% and 65% from 1960 to 2014. When considering the origin of catches, between 46% and 82% of the inequality observed is due to technological and fishermen capacity differences across the countries operating within fishing areas, while between 18% and 54% of the inequality can be attributed to biological differences between the fishing areas. Over time, the within component has decreased more than 35%, reflecting the greater reliance of more countries on high seas fisheries and their catching up on fishing technology. Being aware on the existence and the nature of catches inequality observed is necessary to develop successful policies for maintaining the sustainability of the fishery resources.

Components of Gini, Bonferroni, and Zenga Inequality Indexes for EU Income Data

In this work we apply a new approach to assess contributions from factor components to income inequality. The new approach is based on the insight that most (synthetic) inequality indexes may be viewed as (weighted) averages of point inequality measures, which measure inequality between population subgroups identified by income. Assessing contributions of factor components to point inequality measures is usually an easy task, and based on these contributions it is straightforward to define contributions to the corresponding (synthetic) overall inequality indexes as well. As we shall show through an analysis of income data from Eurostat’s European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP), the approach based on point inequality measures gives rise to readily interpretable results, which, we believe, is an advantage over other methods that have been proposed in literature.

Analysis the Estimates of Inequality Human Development Index to Determine the Efficiency of Human Resources By the Distribution Disparity Between Iraq's Population With Reference to Kurdistan Region

quire access to a continuous human development is relying on real development policies, that are based ondealing with the various interconnected aspects of society, through supporting the investment aspects within the potentialof individuals and the fight against poverty and to reduce unemployment, as well as the development of health, educationand income and achieve relative justice in the distribution among population, leading to the development progressaccording to gender equality and the empowerment of citizens, various categories of promising to participate in thecommunity, in addition to the decision-processors to cope the demographic and environmental pressures .Human Development indicate through its traditional index to the level of achievement of the areas that have beenmentioned in although of this index does not indicate conclusively measure of the true levels of human development inall countries accuracy due to the influence of many factors, including differences in regulations, economic conditions,political privacy, and others, so it was necessary to find alternatives, by developing indicators of (AHDI) and index ofinequality and other necessary indicators required to be more realistic, so it was in this research analysis the estimatesof inequality human development index detailed for its three dimensions in Iraq for the years 2012, 2013 and 2014through the introducing of inequality factor in the calculation of these elements, and to assess the inequality humandevelopment index based its equation which is:The results showed the inequality index equal to (0.464 0.579 0.505) depending on the its inequalitydimensions, which were values (0.622 , 0.334 , 0.481) (0.622 , 0.328 , 0.626) (0.727 , 0.559 , 0.477) for each of thehealth, education and income, respectively, for the years mentioned, while the value of the original human developmentor traditional evidence is equal (0.590 , 0.642 , 0.694). This indicates the existence of a difference between the twoindexes which were calculated using the formula:) 105 (This difference is due to the lack of equality between the original and inequality indexes as a result of the lackof full equality in society, as it achieved equal to the indexes at achieving full equality, but in the case of inequality, i tsindex will be less than the original, and this which appeared in this research, that means it compatible with fundamentalstheory and previous studies in this area. Were also analyzed the results of the contrast between the two indexes in theKurdistan Region and analyze comparisons between the values at the level of the region and the center.Based on the findings and conclusions a number of suggestions were putted in order to reach an advanced levelof human development in Iraq, the most important achievement of the overall human security and openness to theoutside world in the presence of a rational policy-based management supported consciously social correlative andcomponents and qualified manpower institutions advanced levels contribute to the comprehensive development, theperformance of human resources and achieve the aspirations of individuals in the community