Low-Temperature Annealing of CdZnTeSe under Bias

We performed a gradual low-temperature annealing up to 360 K on a CdZnTeSe radiation detector equipped with gold and indium electrodes under bias at both polarities. We observed significant changes in the detector’s resistance and space-charge accumulation. This could potentially lead to the control and improvement of the electronic properties of the detector because the changes are accompanied with the reduction in the bulk dark current and surface leakage current. In this article, we present the results of a detailed study of the internal electric field and conductivity changes in CdZnTeSe detector for various annealing steps under bias taking into account different polarities during annealing and subsequent characterization. We observed that low-temperature annealing results in an increase in the barrier height at the contacts that, in general, reduces the dark current and decreases the positive space charge present in the sample compared to the pre-annealed condition.

EMERGING TRENDS IN WALL-FREE HALL THRUSTERS DEVELOPMENT

2D-hybrid model was created for the proposed new type accelerator with a virtual cathode which allows to avoid sputtering of the cathode surface and to preserve the dynamics of accelerated ions. In the framework of the model, it was shown that ions first form a positive space charge in the system center, and eventually, under an ac-tion of created own electric field, emerge from both ends of the system.

Przedstawienia przestrzeni w formie pozytywu i negatywu

W artykule przeprowadzono porównanie przedstawień przestrzeni dokonanych przez Christophera Alexandra, Rudolfa Arnheima i Yoshinobu Ashiharę. Ich cechą wspólną jest zastosowanie pojęć positive space (przestrzeń pozytywowa) oraz negative space (przestrzeń negatywowa), sformułowanych w oparciu o zjawiska zaczerpnięte z psychologii postaci. Analiza literaturowa nie wskazuje na wykształcenie jednoznacznych definicji tych terminów. Przestrzeń pozytywową i negatywową określa się w odniesieniu do właściwości geometrycznych układu urbanistycznego, jego funkcjonalności, jak również charakterystyki jej postrzegania przez obserwatora, a nawet czynnika intencji twórczej projektanta.

"Friendly relations between the two races were soon established"?: Pākehā interactions with Māori in the planned settlements of Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth, 1840-1860

<p>This thesis uses a micro-historic approach to explore the personal relationships between Māori and settlers in Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth between 1840-1860 [prior to the Taranaki Wars] as they are presented in personal diaries and letters of early settlers of the New Zealand Company. The vast majority of the scholarship in the area of colonial history is based on ‘official records’, such as New Zealand Company material, as well as sources from the Government, the military, surveyors and newspapers. This research, however, focuses on private records to present the ‘lived experiences’ of the early settlers of the Wakefield settlements with Māori in the ‘contact zone’. As I will argue, settler and Māori in the case study towns did establish a positive space of interaction, a so called Middle Ground, which is characterised by trust, help, trade and exchange, mutual needs, language adoption and knowledge exchange, resulting in real accommodation of ‘the other’. However, this positive space decayed as a result of the shift of power to the settlers’ side in conjunction with increasing prominence of the so-called ‘land question’. This project uses the Hutt Wars in Wellington, the Wairau Incident of 1843 in Nelson and lastly the events in New Plymouth that led to the Taranaki Wars, to determine when and how the Middle Ground was weakened and eroded. Emerging conflict, inevitably, influenced positive personal relationships in the ‘contact zone’ between Māori and Pākehā, which broke down and quickly led to a negative perception of the tangata whenua that, in some areas, still profoundly influences perceptions today. The Middle Ground, as a theoretical framework, was first developed by Richard White for the American Indians and their interaction with the French in the Great Lakes region, but has more recently been used by Vincent O’Malley to theorise the relationship between Pākehā and Māori in Northland prior to 1840. This research extends these findings in time and space and seeks to set Māori-Pākehā history in an international and intercultural context as an example of a possible common colonial experience. This thesis represents the only attempt to construct an overview and critical reflection of the shared experiences of settlers with Māori based on private records. This project is significant in the wider context of early New Zealand history as well as in the context of the Treaty of Waitangi and its impact on current race relations because it offers the possibility of seeing and interpreting Māori-Settler relations in a new, and perhaps far more positive light. We can determine whether Māori experiences are a general experience typical of colonised countries and whether the Middle Ground can be found in different forms in different times and places.</p>

"Friendly relations between the two races were soon established"?: Pākehā interactions with Māori in the planned settlements of Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth, 1840-1860

<p>This thesis uses a micro-historic approach to explore the personal relationships between Māori and settlers in Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth between 1840-1860 [prior to the Taranaki Wars] as they are presented in personal diaries and letters of early settlers of the New Zealand Company. The vast majority of the scholarship in the area of colonial history is based on ‘official records’, such as New Zealand Company material, as well as sources from the Government, the military, surveyors and newspapers. This research, however, focuses on private records to present the ‘lived experiences’ of the early settlers of the Wakefield settlements with Māori in the ‘contact zone’. As I will argue, settler and Māori in the case study towns did establish a positive space of interaction, a so called Middle Ground, which is characterised by trust, help, trade and exchange, mutual needs, language adoption and knowledge exchange, resulting in real accommodation of ‘the other’. However, this positive space decayed as a result of the shift of power to the settlers’ side in conjunction with increasing prominence of the so-called ‘land question’. This project uses the Hutt Wars in Wellington, the Wairau Incident of 1843 in Nelson and lastly the events in New Plymouth that led to the Taranaki Wars, to determine when and how the Middle Ground was weakened and eroded. Emerging conflict, inevitably, influenced positive personal relationships in the ‘contact zone’ between Māori and Pākehā, which broke down and quickly led to a negative perception of the tangata whenua that, in some areas, still profoundly influences perceptions today. The Middle Ground, as a theoretical framework, was first developed by Richard White for the American Indians and their interaction with the French in the Great Lakes region, but has more recently been used by Vincent O’Malley to theorise the relationship between Pākehā and Māori in Northland prior to 1840. This research extends these findings in time and space and seeks to set Māori-Pākehā history in an international and intercultural context as an example of a possible common colonial experience. This thesis represents the only attempt to construct an overview and critical reflection of the shared experiences of settlers with Māori based on private records. This project is significant in the wider context of early New Zealand history as well as in the context of the Treaty of Waitangi and its impact on current race relations because it offers the possibility of seeing and interpreting Māori-Settler relations in a new, and perhaps far more positive light. We can determine whether Māori experiences are a general experience typical of colonised countries and whether the Middle Ground can be found in different forms in different times and places.</p>

Revisiting the theory of positive glow corona with a comprehensive kinetic scheme

The theory of positive glow corona is revisited by performing a detailed simulation based on the fluid model with a comprehensive kinetic scheme (CKS). The kinetic scheme includes 28 species, 127 chemical reactions for N2/O2 mixture. The simulation results are compared with that from an averaged kinetic scheme (AKS) which considers only 5 species and 7 reactions. The two models give similar predictions in terms of discharge current. However, several differences in details of the results bring new physical insights to the theory of positive glow corona. It is shown that, the model with the AKS underestimates the detachment effect that plays an important role in positive glow corona discharge. Moreover, the wave-front of the current pulse calculated by the model with the CKS has a smaller steepness, a lower peak-to-peak value, and a longer rise time. These results are in better agreement with the experimental measurement reported in the literature. It is also found that the positive space charge of glow corona is dominated by O2+ in the ionization layer and by O4+ in the drift region far away from the anode. Negative ions are produced in the ionization layer close to the anode and the main species are O﹣and O3﹣.

Something old, something blue: bereavement and institutional ageism in The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil

The dystopian fiction genre within Western media has historically highlighted the flaws associated with societal attempts to achieve an unattainable ideal – or utopia. Through storytelling, these texts highlight the present issues in society, and among them, readers find deeply concerning messages about dehumanisation and oppression. The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil by Stephen Collins is uniquely placed within this larger genre due to the exceptional use of negative space; that is, the text communicates multiple meanings through what Collins includes and does not include. The following article engages in a deep reading of The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil through textual analysis to interpret and describe the message Collins communicates highlighting institutional ageism and bereavement. Consideration for the use of both negative and positive space within narrative construction reveals a story that encourages societal and social change to better care for the mentally ill, geriatric population.

The Emerging Field Trends Erosion-Free Electric Hall Thrusters Systems

The Hall-type accelerator with closed Hall current and open (that is unbounded by metal or dielectric) walls was proposed and considered both theoretically and experimentally. The novelty of this accelerator is the use of a virtual parallel surface of the anode and the cathode due to the principle of equipotentialization of magnetic field lines, which allows to avoid sputtering of the cathode surface and preserve the dynamics of accelerated ions. The formation of the actual traction beam should be due to the acceleration of ions with the accumulated positive bulk charge. A two-dimensional hybrid model in cylindrical coordinates is created in the framework of which the possibility of creation a positive space charge at the system axes is shown. It is shown that the ions flow from the hump of electrical potential can lead to the creation of a powerful ion flow, which moves along the symmetry axis in both sides from the center.

SCHOOL AND CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS EUDCATION IN PLURAL SOCIETY: BUILDING DIALOGUE AND PREVENTING RADICALISM

This article is motivated by the concern of the phenomenon of religious-based intolerance and radicalism in Indonesia. Perpetrators of these attitudes and behaviors occur in many educational settings by educated individuals. There have been cases where radicalism happens because schools are developing religious education, which is exclusive and not open to pluralism in society. Therefore, this article develops ideas/thoughts about schools and Catholic Religious Education (CRE) relevant in the context of pluralism in Indonesia to prevent religious intolerance and radicalism. Schools can be pluralism-friendly homes by making them a positive space for diversity and a place for humanist dialogical education. In Indonesian pluralism, Catholic Religious Education helps students know their religious faith and get to know other religions, have a dialogue with the truths of other religions, and even learn from other religions. PAK in the Indonesian context must contribute to building the personality and attitude of students who are inclusive, dialogical, humanist, and fair. CRE should not be used as an apologetic tool for the sake of defending the truth of Catholicism narrowly and exclusively. Through CRE, students are helped to become individuals and Indonesians who are tolerant, fair, and dignified