METAMORPHOSES OF THE SPACE OF DEATH IN I. FRANKO’S PROSE

The paper proposes a new perspective on the study of I. Franko’s prose works of a wide genre range: the metamorphosis of the space of death as a reflection of the transformations of the psycho-emotional sphere of characters/ The real and imaginary, closed and “endless” spaces of death were identified, their structure, defined as a two-projection, namely, spatial and personal, was analysed. In the collection of “prison short stories”, the method of the paradox is also structured and implemented in the work according to the principle of mirroring: a prison emerges at the same time as a world in itself and a reduced copy of the out-of-prison world. The paper proves the pattern of use for the artistic representation of the death space of the method of gradation – downward potion (from large to smaller locations – prison – annex – carriage – grave) and the ascending when it comes to the possibility of returning from the space of death, recreated with the help of Christian symbols (fish, thorns, water).The conclusion about the parabolic character of I. Franko’s presentation of reality and the person in it is made. The methods of creation of loci are named, they are symbolization, applying of archetypal primers, oppositional character. So, it refers to the symbols of living and dead water, walls, cities, rivers, souls, children; biblical prophecies, parables (the notion of the sin is singled out).A separate aspects of the study is the psycho-emotional states (in particular, agonal) in a border transition situation: stress/apathy, horror/calm. The features of the description of the locations of death are also commented: interior, exterior, various characteristics, symbols, etc.In general, this refers to the transformation into the infernal space of death for most of the characters of the analysed works, either because of the marginality, or because of the subordination to social morality.The only few exceptions are universal parables – examples of the absolute understanding of the meaning of eternal transformation of matter (living/dead and vice versa), spiritual metamorphosis (soul/body –soul/spirit).

A new mechanism for generating a bolus within a double layer following Scott Russell

<p>While seeking to revisit an old experiment of John Scott Russell, we discovered a new mechanism for generating a non-shoaling bolus (an ovoid coherent mass of recirculating mixed fluids immerged in a surrounding medium/a of different density/ies) propagating along a pycnocline. In a study about dead-water (Fourdrinoy et al. 2020), a wave resistance phenomenon induced by internal waves formation at the interface between waters of different densities, we modified the setup used by Scott Russell. The Scottish engineer studied the formation and propagation of dispersive waves when an object is removed from a laterally confined open channel with a shallow layer of water. The “vacuum” created by the mass removal generates a linear dispersive free surface deformation with a front of negative polarity followed by a wave train. If we extend this configuration to a two-layers stratification, we can observe a linear dispersive wave with negative polarity à la Scott Russell, propagating along the interface. In addition, the removal of the object generates under certain conditions a bolus which induces a mixing zone and a gradient transition layer. We will present this new method of boluses creation, as well as an experimental characterization with space-time diagrams thanks to a subpixel detection procedure.</p><p>The dual nature of the dead-water phenomenology: Nansen versus Ekman wave-making drags.<br>Johan Fourdrinoy, Julien Dambrine, Madalina Petcu, Morgan Pierre and Germain Rousseaux.<br>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 117, Issue 29, p. 16739-16742, July 2020.</p>

Water Lice and Other Macroinvertebrates in Drinking Water Pipes: Diversity, Abundance and Health Risk

Activities to ensure and maintain water quality in drinking water networks, including flushing, are presented after standardized hydrant sampling combined with a stainless-steel low pressure–high flow rate (NDHF) filter and a 100 µm mesh size was used to separate pipe inhabitants. A databank of more than 1000 hydrant samples in European lowland areas was developed and used to analyze the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in drinking water networks. Load classes for water louse (Asellus aquaticus) and oligochaetes are given with three evaluation classes: normal colonization, increased colonization, and mass development. The response of Asellus aquaticus in drinking water networks to environmental conditions are presented as are their growth and reproduction, promotion of a third generation by climate change effects, food limitations, and the composition and stability of their feces. Finally, the health risks posed by dead water lice and water lice feces with bacterial regrowth and the promotion of microbe development on house filters are analyzed.

Ethnolinguoculturology as an Integral Field of Scientific Research

The relevance of this work is due to the formation of a new integrated area of research ethnolinguoculturology, and the lack of a clear approach to the definition of objects and subjects of ethnolinguistics and cultural linguistics (linguoculturology), which are integral parts of this new area. The purpose of the work is to determine the object and subject of ethnolinguistics and сultural linguistics based on the analysis of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors related to this problem. The author substantiates the position that the object of synchronic ethnolinguistics are ethnospecific phenomena of language (non-equivalent vocabulary, lexical units with ethno-specific structures, values, idioms and proverbs, reflecting the peculiarities of the mentality, ethno-specific derivational means, grammatical forms, syntactic structure, part-of-speech form of words), and the subject – the specific features of the worldview, axiology and pragmatics of a particular ethnic group. The object of cultural linguistics, according to the author, is the verbalized part of the «language of culture» (culturallymarked words and expressions, phraseological units and proverbs, lacunae, verbal and non-verbal symbols (for example, birch as a symbol of Russia), mythologems (for example, living and dead water), rites and beliefs, rituals and customs, enshrined in language, slogans, precedent phenomena, etiquette formula). and etiquette rules of speech and non-speech behavior, and the subject is the culturally significant information contained explicitly or implicitly in the verbalized units of the language of culture, as well as the national specificity of etiquette rules.

The dual nature of the dead-water phenomenology: Nansen versus Ekman wave-making drags

A ship encounters a higher drag in a stratified fluid compared to a homogeneous one. Grouped under the same “dead-water” vocabulary, two wave-making resistance phenomena have been historically reported. The first, the Nansen wave-making drag, generates a stationary internal wake which produces a kinematic drag with a noticeable hysteresis. The second, the Ekman wave-making drag, is characterized by velocity oscillations caused by a dynamical resistance whose origin is still unclear. The latter has been justified previously by a periodic emission of nonlinear internal waves. Here we show that these speed variations are due to the generation of an internal dispersive undulating depression produced during the initial acceleration of the ship within a linear regime. The dispersive undulating depression front and its subsequent whelps act as a bumpy treadmill on which the ship would move back and forth. We provide an analytical description of the coupled dynamics of the ship and the wave, which demonstrates the unsteady motion of the ship. Thanks to dynamic calculations substantiated by laboratory experiments, we prove that this oscillating regime is only temporary: the ship will escape the transient Ekman regime while maintaining its propulsion force, reaching the asymptotic Nansen limit. In addition, we show that the lateral confinement, often imposed by experimental setups or in harbors and locks, exacerbates oscillations and modifies the asymptotic speed.

Experimental and numerical study of the resonant feature of internal gravity waves in the case of ‘dead water’ phenomenon

<p> ‘Dead water’ phenomenon, which is essentially a ship-wave in a stratified fluid is studied experimentally in a laboratory tank. Interfacial waves are excited by a moving ship model in a quasi-two-layer fluid, which leads to the development of a drag force that reaches the maximum at the largest wave amplitude in a critical ‘resonant’ towing speed, whose value depends on the structure of the vertical density profile. We utilize five ships of different lengths but of the same width and wet depth. The experimental analysis focuses on the variability of the interfacial wave amplitudes and wavelengths as a function of towing speed in different stratifications. Data evaluation is based on linear two- and three-layer theories of freely propagating interfacial waves and lee waves. We observe that although the internal waves have considerable amplitude, linear theory still gives a surprisingly adequate description of subcritical to supercritical transition and the associated amplification of internal waves.</p>

Laboratory investigations on the resonant feature of ‘dead water’ phenomenon

Interfacial internal wave excitation in the wake of towed ships is studied experimentally in a quasi-two-layer fluid. At a critical ‘resonant’ towing velocity, whose value depends on the structure of the vertical density profile, the amplitude of the internal wave train following the ship reaches a maximum, in unison with the development of a drag force acting on the vessel, known in the maritime literature as ‘dead water’. The amplitudes and wavelengths of the emerging internal waves are evaluated for various ship speeds, ship lengths and stratification profiles. The results are compared to linear two- and three-layer theories of freely propagating waves and lee waves. We find that despite the fact that the observed internal waves can have considerable amplitudes, linear theories can still provide a surprisingly adequate description of subcritical-to-supercritical transition and the associated amplification of internal waves. We argue that the latter can be interpreted as a coalescence of frequencies of two fundamental stable wave motions, namely lee waves and propagating interfacial wave modes. Graphic abstract