Challenges of Short Sentence Writing Encounter 1st Year Uundergraduate Students in English Language Departments at Al-Baha University

This study aims to find out the most common challenges of writing short sentences encountered by first-year English-major undergraduate students of English language departments. A mixed method was used including quantitative and qualitative as data was obtained using student questionnaires and interview questions for the lecturers. About 122 first-year English-major undergraduate students (%50.4 female and %49.6 male) from the English Language Departments at all colleges of Al-Baha University were randomly chosen, including 30 lecturers, and were interviewed in the study (15 males and 15 females). The study revealed significant results which have shown difficulties in constructing short sentences, the distinction of active and passive voice, and the use of conjunctions, punctuations, quantifiers, and the correct auxiliary. Also among common issues, students find difficulties in using comparative and superlative degree, subject–verb agreement and the use of articles. Thus, the study recommends that first-year English-major undergraduate students should be given more written exercises as well as written feedback so that students can be able to write more effective short sentences. The study suggests that more studies could be conducted qualitative researches for first-year students of English language department to investigate and analyze the most common challenges and difficulties of the students’ written samples or documents.

French as a third language in Norway: The influence of the prior languages in the acquisition of word order

The present study investigated the acquisition of verb movement in L3 French by L1 speakers of Norwegian with English as their L2. To investigate the impact of previously learned languages in L3 acquisition, we looked at two sentence types with lexical verbs where Norwegian, English, and French differ in systematic ways: a) non-subject initial declarative main clauses and b) subject-initial declarative main clauses with a short sentence-medial adverbial. Students completed acceptability judgment tasks in both the L2 and the L3. Results did not indicate a privileged status for either language as a source of transfer. Rather, there were indications that both prior languages may influence L3 French. We argue that the partially overlapping surface word order with French in each prior language may cause non-target transfer into the L3. Furthermore, higher L2 proficiency was associated with less evidence of L2 transfer in the L3.

Grapes in European and Russian Language of Flowers (the 18th –19th centuries)

The article focuses on grapes as an element of the language of flowers, the 18th–19th century cultural phenomenon. Grapes belong to the ancient “core” of the language of flowers. It is considered a polysemantic word or a short sentence. Its use is typical for all European languages of flowers, including Russian. Grapes are often found in fiction. The epithet influences the contextual meaning of grapes. The most common colours are red and yellow, while green is much less used. Red colour enhances the meanings “fun”, “feast”, “carnal pleasures”. Yellow is associated with parental happiness, homeland, friendship, immaculate youth. Green appears in the contexts “trying to hide frustration”, “lack of skill”. The first group of meanings includes “feast”, “joy”, “pleasure”, “carnal love”. The second group of meanings is associated with the field of intellectual activity: “true knowledge”, “narrow-mindedness”. The latter meaning comes from the Russian folklore. Grapes can symbolise poetry and inspiration, and peaceful rural life as well. Since this plant accompanies ancient gods and goddesses, depicted in human form, grapes are used in comparisons that reveal the peculiarities of heroes and heroines' characters.

Agrarian Justice and Contextuality in Maxim Fiat Justitia Ruat Caelum and Fiat Justitia Ne Pereat Mundus

Maxim is a short sentence with deep meaning related to value and purpose of law include agrarian law. This article analyse the meaning of fiat justitia ruat caelum and fiat justitia ne pereat mundus as well as its relation to agrarian justice and its contextuality. Both of those maxim are paradigmatically analysed. This is a normative juridical research, use conceptual and historical approach with secondary data then qualitatively analysed. Concluded that fiat justitia ruat caelum and fiat justitia pereat mundus is part of legal formalism. The agrarian justice is achieved when the law is enforced as the text and its acontextual. In contrast, fiat justitia ne pereat mundus consider law is valid when it is according to the purpose and agrarian justice exist when it bring out prosperity for all people. Paradigmatically, fiat justicia ruat caelum and fiat justitia pereat mundus fall in positivism paradigm, consider rule is perfect, no interpretation, separation of law and morality, impossibility of interdisciplinary approach. In another hand, fiat justitia ne pereat mundus falls in post positivism paradigm which consider law is imperfect, interpretation is possible, no separation of law and morality and interdisciplinary approch is opened. The law is acontextual.

General

Materiality of ancient text – written, painted, scratched, or carved – is a topic dear to my heart, and I find the visual dimension of ancient writing fascinating for many reasons. Like many Classicists, I also find a great joy in puzzling out the meanings of the lettered lines, arched like dancing serpents, on archaic Greek vases. If one pauses in front of an interesting pot in a museum, it is very easy to forget the time and the rest of the exhibition, as the somersaulting shapes of the continuous script reveal first their letters, then words, rewarding the reader's patience with a short sentence or two: ‘Rejoice! Drink well!’ At times, we have to admit defeat and acknowledge that we are in front of a ‘nonsense’ inscription: that is, an inscription whose lettering creates meanings in a different way – such as a framing device for the visual narrative scene, or devices in the narrative itself, or mimicking foreign sounds or music. Then there is the endlessly amusing world of ancient graffiti – some with acute-angled, nervous letters written in haste; some curvy and elegant, worked out by a skilled and learned hand with plenty of time at its disposal; many accompanied by drawings, some innocuous, some coarse; and all of them, in some way, intent on defying human transience and ephemerality.

Konsep Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Hikmah dalam Al-Qur’an

This research aims to reveal The Concept of Islamic Education Based on hikmah in the Quran. This research focuses on verses using the hikmah idiom. The researcher chose-themed pronunciation because it is one of several words in Qur'an found in jawâmi'ul kalim, a short sentence whose context is full of the substance of ibrah that Allah reveals to humans. This research used thematic approaches and focused on the in-kind descriptive study of library research. This research showed that hikmah's idea was very representative in shaping character development for teachers, students, and sources of material and methods of teaching. The essence of al-hikmah mixed with al-khibar (knowledge), al-miran (training), and at-tarjih (experience) components. On this basis, in the course of internalizing a range of knowledge, skills, and mental attitudes commendable to students, the model of the creation and implementation of Islamic education methods must be carried out thoroughly integrally and systematically.

SENTENCE LENGTH

Writers usually exert many efforts in writing sentences with the proper length. Some of them stick to short sentences, which can make their writing looks choppy. Others like to write with long sentences, which can make the writing seems long-winded or wordy, even if it is not. In English language, the length of a sentence refers to how many words are there in that sentence. In almost all formulas, this number is used to estimate how much the sentence is difficult. Still, sometimes, a short sentence shows more difficulty to be read than a long one. Sometimes, longer sentences lead to facilitate comprehension, especially those that contain coordinate structures. This study discusses the basic grammatical notion of sentence, and its length from different points of view. Innumerable definitions of sentence exist and some of these are presented here to get a workable definition to this key term. A definition of sentence length is also presented. Different treatments of the so called sentence length are to be discussed . The various techniques , that have been devised to deal with the sentence in different types of texts as to get better writings, are accounted for in this study . These points are discussed to reach the end , i.e. the conclusion of good sentence length .

Post-sentence supervision: A case study of the extension of community resettlement support for short sentence prisoners

Introduced under the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms, the Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 created a period of post-sentence supervision (PSS) after licence for individuals serving short custodial sentences. This empirical study features on the ground views and perspectives of practitioners and service users of PSS in one case-study area. Findings from this research suggest a number of issues and ambiguities with the enactment of the sentence. These include ambiguities regarding the correct use of enforcement procedures; the antagonistic relationship between third sector and Community Rehabilitation Company staff, primarily centred around transferring cases and concerns over the use of ‘light touch’ supervision and uncertainties over what the rehabilitative aims of this sentence mean in practice. These issues led to practitioners questioning the legitimacy of the third sector organisation involved in the management of PSS, while service users experienced PSS as a frustrating ‘pass-the-parcel’ experience, where resettlement support was constantly stalled and restarted at each juncture of the sentence. Before briefly discussing the potential future of PSS under the next iteration of probation policy, this article concludes by arguing that there is emerging evidence of a commonality of failures occurring at every juncture of the short sentence, undermining resettlement prospects for the long-neglected short sentence population.