The consequences of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act for police arrests

Background & methods National protests in the summer of 2020 drew attention to the significant presence of police in marginalized communities. Recent social movements have called for substantial police reforms, including “defunding the police,” a phrase originating from a larger, historical abolition movement advocating that public investments be redirected away from the criminal justice system and into social services and health care. Although research has demonstrated the expansive role of police to respond a broad range of social problems and health emergencies, existing research has yet to fully explore the capacity for health insurance policy to influence rates of arrest in the population. To fill this gap, we examine the potential effect of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on arrests in 3,035 U.S. counties. We compare county-level arrests using FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data before and after Medicaid expansion in 2014–2016, relative to counties in non-expansion states. We use difference-in-differences (DID) models to estimate the change in arrests following Medicaid expansion for overall arrests, and violent, drug, and low-level arrests. Results Police arrests significantly declined following the expansion of Medicaid under the ACA. Medicaid expansion produced a 20–32% negative difference in overall arrests rates in the first three years. We observe the largest negative differences for drug arrests: we find a 25–41% negative difference in drug arrests in the three years following Medicaid expansion, compared to non-expansion counties. We observe a 19–29% negative difference in arrests for violence in the three years after Medicaid expansion, and a decrease in low-level arrests between 24–28% in expansion counties compared to non-expansion counties. Our main results for drug arrests are robust to multiple sensitivity analyses, including a state-level model. Conclusions Evidence in this paper suggests that expanded Medicaid insurance reduced police arrests, particularly drug-related arrests. Combined with research showing the harmful health consequences of chronic policing in disadvantaged communities, greater insurance coverage creates new avenues for individuals to seek care, receive treatment, and avoid criminalization. As police reform is high on the agenda at the local, state, and federal level, our paper supports the perspective that broad health policy reforms can meaningfully reduce contact with the criminal justice system under historic conditions of mass criminalization.

Spatial and temporal analysis of Iran precipitation

In this study, spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation in Iran in 2019 and 2020 has been studied. The average annual precipitation in 2019 is about 345 mm and in 2020 285 mm. In 2019, the maximum precipitation was in the western and northwestern regions, and the minimum precipitation was in the central and eastern regions. In 2020, the maximum precipitation was in the northwestern areas and the minimum precipitation was in the central, eastern and southwestern areas. Northwestern regions of Iran have a positive precipitation difference, i.e. in 2020 it had more precipitation. The southern and western regions have a negative difference, i.e. in 2020, there was less rain.

Spatial and temporal analysis of Iran precipitation

In this study, spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation in Iran in 2019 and 2020 has been studied. The average annual precipitation in 2019 is about 345 mm and in 2020 285 mm. In 2019, the maximum precipitation was in the western and northwestern regions, and the minimum precipitation was in the central and eastern regions. In 2020, the maximum precipitation was in the northwestern areas and the minimum precipitation was in the central, eastern and southwestern areas. Northwestern regions of Iran have a positive precipitation difference, i.e. in 2020 it had more precipitation. The southern and western regions have a negative difference, i.e. in 2020, there was less rain.

The Tactile-Visual Conflict Processing and Its Modulation by Tactile-Induced Emotional States: An Event-Related Potential Study

This experiment used event-related potentials (ERPs) to study the tactile-visual information conflict processing in a tactile-visual pairing task and its modulation by tactile-induced emotional states. Eighteen participants were asked to indicate whether the tactile sensation on their body matched or did not match the expected tactile sensation associated with the object depicted in an image. The type of tactile-visual stimuli (matched vs. mismatched) and the valence of tactile-induced emotional states (positive vs. negative) were manipulated following a 2 × 2 factorial design. Electrophysiological analyses revealed a mismatched minus matched negative difference component between 420 and 620 ms after stimulus onset in the negative tactile-induced emotional state condition. This ND420-620 component was considered as a sign of the cross-modal conflict processing during the processing of incongruent tactile-visual information. In contrast, no significant mismatched minus matched negative difference component was found in the positive tactile-induced emotional state condition. Together, these results support the hypothesis that a positive emotional state induced by a positive tactile stimulation improves tactile-visual conflict processing abilities.

The Culture of Difference from an Islamic Perspective: Mechanisms and Morals

The present article discusses the concept of difference as a natural phenomenon and civilizational necessity. It is confirmed that the difference between people’s minds and interests is inevitable and leads to variety and integration. Light is shed on the employment of difference as a positive culture to reach integration between people’s opinions, acceptance of the Other and participation in community building. In contrast, there are negative types of difference, which reject and take a hostile attitude to the Other, pushing for bigotry and arrogance based on prioritizing personal desires over the truth. A number of mechanisms and means are suggested from an Islamic perspective to help in promoting positive difference and reducing negative difference. The literature review provides true stories of pious and wise people who managed to build bridges on their differences with their good manners

DIFFERENCES OF SITUATIONAL AND MOTOR ABILITIES IN DEFENSE AT THE WORLD JUNIOR HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIP

The research was conducted in order to determine the differences in situational-motor abilities in the defense of men's junior national teams at the 2013 World Handball Championship. Situational - motor abilities in the defense of the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to the national teams of Croatia, France, Sweden and Spain were analyzed. The following variables were used to determine differences in defense: SKODEKUK / PR - total - average number of jumps in defense of the whole team, SKODUK / PR1 - total - average number of jumps in defense first player of defense, SKODUK / PR2 - total - average number of jumps in defense second defensive player, SKODUK / PR3 - total - average number of defensive jumps third defensive player, SKODUK / PR4 - total - average number of defensive jumps fourth defensive player, SKODUK / PR5 - total - average number of defensive jumps fifth defensive player and SKODUK / PR6 - total - average number of jumps in the sixth defense player. To determine the partial quantitative differences of variables, which measure the total and average number of attempts to perform an element in the area of situational - motor abilities in defense, we used the mean difference of mean (hereinafter MD), which calculated the average values of selected variables. The average values of variables for the assessment of situational - motor abilities in defense were also calculated. The variable SKODUK / PR4 - total - average number of jumps in the defense of the fourth player shows a statistically significant negative difference in the jumps in the defense of the fourth player between the fourth player in the defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the fourth player in the defense of Croatia and Sweden. In the variable SKODUK / PR6 - total - average number of jumps in the defense of the sixth defense player, a statistically significant negative difference can be seen between the sixth player in the defense of the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the sixth player in the defense of Sweden. Key words: handball, juniors, World Championship, defense, situational - motor abilities

SELISIH TARIF RUMAH SAKIT TERHADAP TARIF INA-CBG’s PADA PASIEN SECTIO CAESAREA DI RUMAH SAKIT DAERAH IDAMAN BANJARBARU TAHUN 2019

Caesar's operating rate continues to increase in every country, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the ideal Caesarean Section Rate (CSR) for a country is around 10% to 15%. INA-CBG’s is a payment with a package system based on the patient’s illness. In implementing the INA-CBG’s system, problems often occur in the financing. The thing that often happens is hospital rates in the Caesarean Sectio exceed INA-CBG’s claims. The study aims to determine the difference between hospital rates with claims of INA-CBG’s in Idaman Hospital Banjarbaru. This study is an observational hospital study of direct medical costs, data retrieved retrospectively from the JKN participant claims data of patients with Sectio Caesarea in 2019 in Hospital Idaman Banjarbaru as many as 833 data samples using samples jenuh. Data calculation to find out the difference is done by subtracking hospital rates with INA-CBG’s rates. The result showed the difference between hospital rates and INA-CBG’s rates in Sectio Caesarea patients in Hospital Idaman Banjarbaru is a negative difference of Rp. 3.908.338.992 (n=833) and the difference between the average hospital rates and the average INA-CBG’s rates is Rp.4.691.884 per patient.