Some features of creating a computer vision system

In the paper some features of models and algorithms of computer vision are presented. An algorithm for training the neural network of object recognition is proposed and described. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is the parallel training of networks with the subsequent selection of the most accurate. The presented results of experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

REDUCTION OF THE CLASSIFIER IN THE METHOD OF LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA BASED ON THE Ε-, Δ-CRITERION FOR SELECTING PATTERN

Предлагается алгоритмическая процедура редукции классификатора в методе логического анализа данных, основанная на отборе закономерностей с помощью ε-, δ-критерия. Реализация подхода заключается в формировании исходного классификатора как набора закономерностей на базе наблюдений обучающей выборки, применения к полученным правилам процедуры наращивания и последующего их отбора в новый классификатор на базе ε-, δ-критерия. Приводится эмпирическое подтверждение целесообразности данной алгоритмической процедуры. An algorithmic procedure for the reduction of the classifier in the method of logical analysis of data, based on the selection of patterns using the ε-, δ-criterion is proposed. The implementation of the approach consists in the formation of the initial classifier as a set of patterns based on observations of the training sample, application of the increasing procedure to the obtained patterns and their subsequent selection into a new classifier based on the ε-, δ-criterion. An empirical confirmation of the expediency of this algorithmic procedure is given.

Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients

Antibiotic concentrations vary dramatically in the body and the environment. Hence, understanding the dynamics of resistance evolution along antibiotic concentration gradients is critical for predicting and slowing the emergence and spread of resistance. While it has been shown that increasing the concentration of an antibiotic slows resistance evolution, how adaptation to one antibiotic concentration correlates with fitness at other points along the gradient has not received much attention. Here, we selected populations of Escherichia coli at several points along a concentration gradient for three different antibiotics, asking how rapidly resistance evolved and whether populations became specialized to the antibiotic concentration they were selected on. Populations selected at higher concentrations evolved resistance more slowly but exhibited equal or higher fitness across the whole gradient. Populations selected at lower concentrations evolved resistance rapidly, but overall fitness in the presence of antibiotics was lower. However, these populations readily adapted to higher concentrations upon subsequent selection. Our results indicate that resistance management strategies must account not only for the rates of resistance evolution but also for the fitness of evolved strains.

COMPARISON OF FUTURE COURSE ENROLLMENT AMONG STUDENTS COMPLETING ONE OF FOUR DIFFERENT INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS COURSES

A central challenge of introductory statistics is the development of curricula that not only serve diverse students, but also leave them wanting more. To evaluate the potential impact of a multidisciplinary, project-based introductory statistics course, students’ future course decisions were compared against traditional statistics courses using administrative data from the fall 2009 through spring 2018 semesters. Results indicated that the project-based course helped promote continued interest in the field of statistics and data analysis based on subsequent selection of courses in the field. First published December 2020 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives

Epidemiology, Genetics and Resistance of Alternaria Blight in Oilseed Brassica

Alternaria blight is one of the most deadly diseases of oilseed Brassica. This recalcitrant disease causes up to 50% yield loss across the globe. The disease is mainly caused by Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola. These pathogens lack sexual stages and survive as conidia or condiospores on the debris of previous crops and susceptible weeds. Developing resistant oilseed Brassica cultivars to this disease has become a prime concern for researchers over the years. In absence of resistant oilseed Brassica cultivar, identification and introgression of resistance related genes can be a potential source for Alternaria blight resistance. As resistance toward Alternaria blight is governed by polygenes, intercrossing between the tolerant genotypes and subsequent selection will be the most appropriate way to transfer the quantitative resistance. For that reason, future breeding goal should focus on screening of germplasms for selecting genotypes containing resistance genes and structural features that favors resistance, like thick epicuticular wax, biochemical components such as phenols, phytoalexins and lower soluble sugars, reducing sugars and soluble nitrogen. Selected genotypes should be brought under appropriate breeding programs for attaining Alternaria blight resistance.

Autophagy as a mechanism for adaptive prediction-mediated emergence of drug resistance

ABSTRACTDrug resistance is a major problem in treatment of microbial infections and cancers. There is growing evidence that a transient drug tolerant state may precede and potentiate the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms leading to tolerance is critical for combating drug resistance and for the development of effective therapeutic strategy. Through laboratory evolution of yeast, we recently demonstrated that adaptive prediction (AP), a strategy employed by organisms to anticipate and prepare for a future stressful environment, can emerge within 100 generations by linking the response triggered by a neutral cue (caffeine) to a mechanism of protection against a lethal agent (5-FOA). Here, we demonstrate that mutations selected across multiple laboratory evolved lines had linked the neutral cue response to core genes of autophagy. Across these evolved lines, conditional activation of autophagy through AP conferred tolerance, and potentiated subsequent selection of mutations in genes specific to overcoming the toxicity of 5-FOA. We propose a model to explain how extensive genome-wide genetic interactions of autophagy facilitates emergence of AP over short evolutionary timescales to potentiate selection of resistance-conferring mutations.

BREEDING SOURCE MATERIAL OF TABLE CARROT RESISTANT TO EARLY BLIGHT ON AN ARTIFICIAL INFECTIOUS BACKGROUND

The paper presents the results of an immunological assessment of the lesion of table carrot varieties by Alternaria on an artificial infectious background in the conditions of the Moscow region in 2011–2019. To carry out visual assessments of the resistance of varieties, seeds were sown on an artificial infectious soil background of A. radicina (root confinement), additionally with subsequent spraying of plants with a spore suspension of A. dauci (leaf confinement). The studied varietal material of table carrots was divided into groups depending on the resistance – susceptibility range. The studies were based on successive selections of resistant plants (genotypes) over 6–8 years, even with a minimal number of them. As a result of four cycles of selection against an artificial infectious background of genotypes (plants) at different stages of ontogenesis, an increase in resistance was noticed. Each subsequent selection was characterized not only by the number of relatively resistant plants in the studied variety populations increased, but also the decreased average score of their lesion. Based on this, the authors have identified the breeding material of table carrots with high resistance to alternariosis.

Analysis of the inheritance of quantitative traits in the rice hybrid Kuboyar × Gagat

Rice is one of the main food items in the world. White rice is mainly used, but there are also varieties with red, brown and black pericarp grains. This rice is much healthier. The article is devoted to the creation of new lines of rice with black pericarp. The purpose of the work is to study the inheritance of varying quantitative traits in an interspecific hybrid of rice Kuboyar × Gagat, with subsequent selection of isolated samples. Methods. Hybridization of these varieties was carried out in 2017. Mathematical processing of research data was performed Using the program Statistica 6. For genetic analysis, the program “Polygen A” was used by A. F. Merezhko (2005). The research was conducted in 2018–2019 on the basis of a Separate division “Proletarskoe” of the Rostov region. Scientific novelty. A genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits that affect the grain productivity of rice was performed, and a number of new patterns were established. Results. Inheritance of plant height in F2 hybrids was based on the type of overdomination of large trait values. The parent forms differed in the allelic state of the two pairs of genes. Along the length of the panicle, there was a partial negative dominance and monogenic differences in crossed varieties. According to the number of spikelets on the panicle, overdomination of a larger trait value and the interaction of two pairs of genes were established. By the mass of 1000 grains, partial dominance of large values of the trait and monogenic differences in the initial parent forms were established. There was no dominance in the length of the grain, and the parent forms differed by two pairs of genes. The grain width was dominated by smaller values of the trait, splitting was performed according to the monohybrid scheme. The selection of isolated samples forming a compact erect panicle and grains with a black pericarp was carried out for further selection work.

Seed Composition Survey of a Peanut CSSL Population Reveals Introgression Lines with Elevated Oleic/Linoleic Profiles

ABSTRACT The peanut CSSL population represents one of the ways that interspecific hybridization has been used to introduce genetic variation into cultivated peanut. The lines were developed by crossing Fleur 11, a farmer preferred spanish cultivar from West Africa with a synthetic allotetraploid. The latter was developed by crossing A. duranensis to A. ipaensis and tetraploidizing the resultant hybrid. Subsequent selection with genetic markers resulted in a population comprising lines with small chromosome segments from the wild in a cultivated peanut background. The objective of this study was to characterize the protein, total oil, fatty acid and sugar profiles of the population. The results indicated that the values of Fleur 11 for all the traits analyzed were within the normal range expected in peanut. Since the population had a uniform genetic background derived from Fleur 11, the profiles for a majority of the lines were comparable to Fleur 11. However, three lines (CSSL 84, CSSL 100 and CSSL 111) were found to have elevated oleic acid and reduced linoleic and palmitic acid relative to Fleur 11. The oleic to linoleic acid ratios (O/L) for these lines were 118, 104 and 97% greater than that of Fleur 11, respectively. While the increased values are still considered to be within the normal oleic acid range, the effect of introgressions on these lines represent the possibility of discovering new sources of high O/L polymorphisms. Such polymorphisms have the potential for use in further improving peanut oil quality.

Genomic stability and adaptation of beer brewing yeasts during serial repitching in the brewery

Ale brewing yeast are the result of admixture between diverse strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a heterozygous tetraploid that has since undergone numerous genomic rearrangements. As a result, comparisons between the genomes of modern related ale brewing strains show both extensive aneuploidy and mitotic recombination that has resulted in a loss of intragenomic diversity. Similar patterns of intraspecific admixture and subsequent selection for one haplotype have been seen in many domesticated crops, potentially reflecting a general pattern of domestication syndrome between these systems. We set out to explore the evolution of the ale brewing yeast, to understand both polyploid evolution and the process of domestication in the ecologically relevant environment of the brewery. Utilizing a common brewery practice known as ‘repitching’, in which yeasts are reused over multiple beer fermentations, we generated population time courses from multiple breweries utilizing similar strains of ale yeast. Applying whole-genome sequencing to the time courses, we have found that the same structural variations in the form of aneuploidy and mitotic recombination of particular chromosomes reproducibly rise to detectable frequency during adaptation to brewing conditions across multiple related strains in different breweries. Our results demonstrate that domestication of ale strains is an ongoing process and will likely continue to occur as modern brewing practices develop.