Classroom Communication in Early Childhood Education

This study aims to investigated the speech act types and communication strategies in early childhood education. This research was a classroom research. Data were collected through unobtrusive observation during learning interactions. The obtained data were analyzed qualitatively. The recorded children’s and teachers’ speech acts were totaled 360. The research findings are as follows. Firstly, the recorded speech consisted of four types, they are: directive, expressive, declarative, and assertive acts. Directive acts were the most frequently used (93.3%), followed by expressive acts (5%), assertive acts (1.4%), and declarative acts (0.3%). The telling speech acts dominated the verbal interactions (44.4%) followed by request speech acts (32.2%). Secondly, 360 communication strategies were found. The telling and request sub-speech acts were delivered using compensatory strategies (96.11%). The teachers used 280 code-switching strategies (77.78%) while the children used none (0%); 14 non-linguistic forms strategies (3.89%) were used by the teachers while 6 self-repairs strategies (1.67%) by the children; 14 all-purpose words strategies (3.89%) were used by the teachers while none (0%) by the children; 14 asking for repetitions strategies (3.89%) were used by the teachers while none (0%) by the children; none filters/hesitation devices strategy (0%) was used by the teachers while 8 (2.22%) by the children; none (0%) literal translation strategy was used by the teachers while 12 (3.33%) by the children. The most frequently directive acts imply towards the effectiveness of the children’s communicative skill.

Konstruksi Gender Dalam Relasi Intimate Relationship Pada Novel Friendzone: Lempar Kode Sembunyi Hati Karya Alnira (Sebuah Analisis Framing)

This thesis is titled Gender Construction in Intimate Relationship on “Friendzone: Lempar Kode Sembunyi Hati” Novel by Alnira (A Framing Analysis). The purpose of this research is to find the expression of feelings between men and women in intimate relationships through the novel characters, and discover the relationships that exist between gender construction and intimate relationships through the analysis of the Gamson and Modigliani framing models. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, where the data presented, are not in the form of numbers and more emphasis on meaning rather than generalization. Data collection techniques used are using documentation techniques and unobtrusive observation techniques, where this technique is a technique used to examine texts, and audio-visual recordings. This research was conducted during the 2019 October to January 2020. The research object is the novel “Friendzone: Lempar Kode Sembunyi Hati” by Alnira, that released on February 2018 with 300 pages. Then the object is dissected using the Gamson and Modigliani Framing analysis model to see how the expression of feelings constructed by gender in Dira and Ransi characters on the novel. The results of this research are, gender can affect the expression of a man and woman in expressing their feelings, where men express their feelings through gestures and non-verbal actions, while women need a recognition of the status of the relationship through their verbal. In addition, gender construction will influence the success of intimate relationships between men and women, if misunderstandings that occur due to differences in conversation patterns can be resolved.

Availability and adequacy of WASH facilities in secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria

The curtailment of infectious diseases is facilitated through observance of good hand hygiene, a habit which tends to be low less observed in developing countries. This paper investigated the level of availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) materials in secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. The sample size is made up of 620 respondents, selected through a combination of purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling methods. Research instruments adopted included questionnaires, focus group discussion guide, document observation, and unobtrusive observation. Quantitative data were analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study showed that the majority of the respondents (87.4%) admitted that the most typical type of toilet facility is a water closet, followed by pit latrine (13.7%) and open space (1.6%) for defecation. A majority of the respondents considered the provision of a wash hand basin as grossly inadequate. Therefore, researchers recommended improvement of structures, facilities, and materials relating to WASH in schools across Lagos State, Nigeria.

Social Capital and Cooperative Society Lending in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Cooperatives societies are seen as dependable and quick financial bailout institutions which can be used by business owners to secure quick and minimum interest on loans. This ethnographic study provides an understanding of the lending activities and criteria of obtaining a loan from co-operative societies in Ibadan, Nigeria as well as the social factors influencing how people access these loans. This empirical study gathered data using unobtrusive observation by attending weekly meetings of the cooperative (comprising of 102 members), asking questions during discussion times in the meeting as well as interacting with members of the co-operative society for 18 months. Additionally, 10 key informant interviews were done. Findings show that a strong social capital is needed and vital in obtaining loans in a co-operative society. The study concluded that cooperative societies are effective in lending business loans and supporting entrepreneurship but intending members must plan to join alongside others who can stand as guarantors for them in order to access loans easily and quickly. It is recommended that cooperative societies should find a modality of assisting those with no social resource to stand for them as guarantor in order to be able to help more people to start or grow their business enterprise. Those with no social resources should mingle well with other members in order to build one.

Collective Pain

Mass school shootings are infrequent and involve predominantly White perpetrators and victims; yet, they elicit intense social reactions without acknowledging race. In contrast, shootings in cities are frequent, affecting the lives of people of color. Connecting both, this chapter explores how youth of color experience mass school shootings and whether the gun-control movement incorporates their needs. Specifically, 114 youth of color participated in an interview (2013/2015), involving a socio-spatial exploration of their segregated metropolitan area near Newtown, Connecticut, where a young White man killed 26 students and staff members (2012). Furthermore, this exploration involved unobtrusive observation of Connecticut's March for Our Lives (2018). Youth of color were concerned with gun violence in relation to police brutality, crime, and mass school shootings. Those in predominantly White cities experienced the collective pain mass school shootings produce. In contrast, the predominantly White gun-control movement hardly acknowledged youth of color.

Visitor Attention in Exhibitions: The Impact of Exhibit Objects’ Ordinal Position, Relative Size, and Proximity to Larger Objects

The main aim of the present study was to explore the impact of three stimulus-related variables—that is, ordinal position of viewing, relative size of exhibit objects, and proximity to larger sized objects—on visitor attention and interest in exhibitions. A field experiment that utilized timing and tracking through unobtrusive observation, as well as a questionnaire, was conducted with 120 participants in one control and three experimental conditions. The results suggest that (a) visitor attention declines across ordinal position, being interrupted in the experimental conditions by the presence of a larger object; (b) larger exhibit objects attract and hold more attention than smaller ones, especially those adjacent to (and appear before rather than after) the larger object; and (c) while larger objects attract more attention on an individual comparison, they seem to have a suppressing effect on the overall level of attention to the exhibition compared with the control condition.

(Re)defining places for community in Sykhiv housing estate

Lviv (Ukraine) is an Eastern European city with a history dating back to the 13th century. It could be imagined as a palimpsest-like place of different architectural, social, and cultural heritages. However, the majority of current Lviv’s population lives within an urban environment designed and constructed during the second half of 20th century. Based on sociological data (in-depth semi-structured interviews, survey, and unobtrusive observation) article reviews the specifics of places for community in the largest mass housing estate – Sykhiv. Author shows what areas are perceived by inhabitants as the locations for social life and what types of social cohesion could contribute to the urban transformations.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF KURIKULUM TINGKAT SATUAN PENDIDIKAN (KTSP) IN THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH; A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY IN THE TENTH GRADE OF SMA NEGERI 1 NGUNUT, 2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR

The objective of this study is to describe the teachers’ perceptions towards the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Penddikan (KTSP) in SMA Negeri 1 Ngunut and also the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) in the Teaching of English in the classroom for the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Ngunut 2013/2014 academic year, including its material, teaching learning activity and the evaluation. Further more, it is also intended to know more about the strengths and the weaknesses of the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). In this research, the writer uses a qualitative research. To describe the students’ and teachers’ perception towards the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) in the class, the researcher uses descriptive method. The technique of collecting the data in this research is unobtrusive observation, in-depth interviewing, and document analysis. The writer uses guided-interview to support the data. In analyzing the data, the writer uses interactive analysis method by data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. After doing observation and interview, the writer can conclude that the teachers have good perception towards the implementation of KTSP in the school and play their role as teachers in the classroom well. The implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) in the teaching of English at the tenth grade of SMA Negeri 1 Ngunut is well conducted. The teaching-learning activity in the classroom runs well because the teachers always try to encourage the students in teaching-learning process. The material given to the students in teaching-learning activity is appropriate to the KTSP’s standard material. Key words: Implementation, Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP), Received: 23 June, 2016; Accepted: 8 September, 2016

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF KURIKULUM TINGKAT SATUAN PENDIDIKAN (KTSP) IN THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH; A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY IN THE TENTH GRADE OF SMA NEGERI 1 NGUNUT, 2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR

The objective of this study is to describe the teachers ’ perceptions towards the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Penddikan (KTSP) in SMA Negeri 1 Ngunut and also the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) in the Teaching of English in the classroom for the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Ngunut 2013/2014 academic year, including its material, teaching learning activity and the evaluation. Further more, it is also intended to know more about the strengths and the weaknesses of the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). In this research, the writer uses a qualitative research. To describe the students ’ and teachers ’ perception towards the implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) in the class, the researcher uses descriptive method. The technique of collecting the data in this research is unobtrusive observation, in-depth interviewing, and document analysis. The writer uses guided-interview to support the data. In analyzing the data, the writer uses interactive analysis method by data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. After doing observation and interview, the writer can conclude that the teachers have good perception towards the implementation of KTSP in the school and play their role as teachers in the classroom well. The implementation of Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) in the teaching of English at the tenth grade of SMA Negeri 1 Ngunut is well conducted. The teaching-learning activity in the classroom runs well because the teachers always try to encourage the students in teaching-learning process. The material given to the students in teaching-learning activity is appropriate to the KTSP ’s standard material. Key words: Implementation, Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP), Received: 23 June, 2016; Accepted: 8 September, 2016