Uncovering the Neglected Floral Secretory Structures of Rhamnaceae and Their Functional and Systematic Significance

Rhamnaceae flowers are notably recognized by their fleshy nectary. Other types of floral secretory structures have been scarcely reported for this family. Thus, the objective of the present study was to update the occurrence of these structures in the family and to contribute to the knowledge of their morphology and systematic significance. To this end, we carried out an extensive bibliographic search on the secretory structures of the family and obtained data for 257 taxa. Additionally, we presented here novel data (surface, anatomy, and ultrastructure) for six species belonging to the main clades within Rhamnaceae. The family has a wide diversity of types of mucilage-secreting structures: epidermis, hypodermis, idioblasts, cavities, and ducts. Mucilage and phenolic idioblasts are widely distributed among the floral organs. Colleters are present in all sampled species, and these are the first reports of their occurrence in floral organs of Rhamnaceae. The information obtained about the structure, secreted content, and occurrence of the secretory structures of Rhamnaceae helped us to understand the assertive folk use of its species. The absence of mucilage and the presence of resin or mucilage cavities and ducts in some taxa may have intrafamily systematic significance.

Afterword

We all feel the implications of the force of social media—for good and for ill—in our lives and in our professional world. At the time of this writing, Facebook continues with its struggle to “clean up its act” as more revelations surrounding breaches of trust and hacked user data surface in the news and various countries attempt to hold Facebook to account. Despite this, social media use continues to grow exponentially, and the potential for responsible, ethical, and transparent social media to transform the ways in which we interact with and learn from each other increase with it. As we wait to see what the future holds for social media in society, we are reminded once again that it is the careful selection of pedagogical tools such as social media, as well the guided awareness of the challenges and benefits of those tools, that remains constant, even as tools may change, disappear, or fall out of fashion.

Next-generation liquefaction database

The Next-Generation Liquefaction database is a resource for the geotechnical hazard community. It is publicly available online under the following digital object identifier (DOI): 10.21222/C2J040. The database organizes objective liquefaction data into tables and fields (columns of information), with the relationships among the tables and fields described by a schema. The data are organized into tables pertaining to (1) sites, including geotechnical and geophysical site investigation data, surface geology information, and laboratory test data; (2) earthquake events, including source and ground motion information; and (3) observations of sites following events. The schema was vetted through community outreach efforts involving multiple workshops and meetings. Users can view the data, download existing data, and upload new data through a geographic information system (GIS)-based graphical user interface. Information uploaded to the database is reviewed by a database working group to verify consistency between uploaded data and source documents. The database is replicated in DesignSafe where users can interact with the data using Python scripts in Jupyter notebooks, view point cloud data using Potree, and interact with geospatial data using QGIS.

Research and Experimental Comparison of Topographic Modeling Methods

The topography of the earth's surface can be represented in GIS by DEM data. Surface modeling is the process of determining natural or artificial surfaces using one or more mathematical equations. A general surface modeling algorithm for all applications is not available, each method of creating a topographic surface has several advantages, disadvantages and depends on its processing direction. As such, experimenting, evaluating and selecting algorithms that are appropriate to the reality of the data and research area are necessary. Research paper, experimentally evaluating 4 Spline, IDW, Kriging and Natural Neighbor algorithms to model terrain on two map pieces representing different terrain types, the research results show that: the adapting each algorithm depends heavily on the terrain of each interpolation area. Spline interpolated terrain surfaces in more detail in ravine and valley areas; Natural Neighbor excels at matching the contours of data in all regions. IDW and Kriging algorithms have similar results and have lower accuracy than the above two methods, especially it is difficult to interpolate peaks and slopes. MAE, respectively, of high and medium hills and mountains are Spline (9.7, 10.3), NN (11.8, 10.1), IDW (13.0, 10.9), Kriging (13.3, 12.2). Spatial interpolation, topographic modeling, DEM, DSM, accuracy

Pembuatan Digital Terrain Model (DTM) dari Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) menggunakan Metode Morfologi Sederhana

Pembuatan Peta RBI skala 1:5.000 membutuhkan waktu yang lama, khususnya untuk pembuatan layer kontur. Layer kontur bisa didapatkan dari data hasil ekstraksi foto udara dan data Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR). Sekarang ini, teknologi LiDAR lebih diandalkan untuk membuat Data Surface Model (DSM). Dari DSM dilakukan proses ekstrasi data untuk mendapatkan data Digital Terrain Model (DTM) atau Digital Elevation Model (DEM) yang prosesnya lebih cepat dan membutuhkan biaya yang relatif rendah. Metode filtering yang digunakan adalah metode Simple Morphological Filtering (SMRF) dengan memasukkan nilai parameter cell size, slope, windows, elevation threshold dan scalling factor. Hasil Cohen’s kappa rata-rata menunjukkan indikator DTM dalam kondisi baik, yang artinya dengan menggunakan metode SMRF, nilai kappa berada diantara 0,4-0,7. Smoothing filter dilakukan untuk menghilangkan sel kosong/ sel tanpa data. DTM yang dihasilkan dibandingkan dengan data validasi lapangan. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) yang diperoleh berkisar antara 0,621-0,930 dan nilai Linear Error 90% (LE90) yang diperoleh berkisar antara 1,025-1,605. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai RMSE dan LE90 tersebut memenuhi ketelitian vertikal peta skala 1: 5.000 dan masuk dalam kelas 2 dan 3 sesuai Peraturan BIG No.6 Tahun 2018 mengenai perubahan atas Perka BIG No.15 Tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Teknis Ketelitian Peta Dasar

NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM NOVEL RINDU KARANGAN TERE LIYE: TINJAUAN PSIKOLOGI KARAKTER

This study aims to describe the structure of Rindu by Tere Liye, and the character education values ​​available in the Rindu novel written by Tere Liye. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method, with content handling techniques. The instrument of this research is the researchers themselves who are assisted by the analysis table using the Character Psychology approach. The data mentioned is the structure of the novel Rindu, the novel theme of Rindu by Tere Liye is a Hajj journey. Grooves that are mixed channels. The main character in this novel is Gurutta. Timeline in 1938. The setting where the Rindu novel is most dominant is on the Dutch Blitar ship. Merging data, obtained information that the education education in the novel Rindu written by Tere Liye was 132 data (80%) and that did not contain 33 data data (20%). Data surface: There are 22 religious values ​​(13.33%), there are 7 data values ​​(4.24%), 9 data values ​​(5.45%), 9 data values ​​(5.45%) , the value of love for peace there are 7 data (4.24%), communicative value there are 29 data (17.57%), value of reading likes there are 10 data (6.06%), government value is 6 data (3.63%) , the value of national spirit is 11 data (6.67%), and social care value is 23 data (13.93%). Rindu novel by Tere Liye is more dominant in having friendly / communicative values. This research also implies the topic of language for special novels for the high school (XII) level of the XII KD class. 3.9 Analyzing the content and linguistics of novels and KD. 4.9 Designing novels or novelet by expressing content and language. Suggestions for further researchers to conduct research with the object of the novel Rindu written by Tere Liye with other aspects of character education and also supported by other sciences outside of literature. Keywords: value of character education, novel Rindu, Tere Liye Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur novel Rindu karangan Tere Liye dan nilai pendidikan karakter yangterdapat dalam novel Rindu karangan Tere Liye.Metode yang digunakan dalam penlitian ini ialah metode deskriptif kualitatif, dengan teknik analisis isi. Instrumen penelitian ini ialah peneliti sendiri yang dibantu oleh tabel analisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan Psikologi Karakter. Data yang diambil ialah struktur novel Rindu,tema novel Rindu karya Tere Liye ini ialahperjalanan haji. Alur yang digunakan ialah alur campuran. Tokoh utama dalam novel ini adalah Gurutta. Latar waktu pada tahun 1938. Latar tempat novel Rindu yang paling dominan yaitu di atas kapal Blitar Holland.Berdasarkan analisis data, diperoleh informasi bahwa nilai pendidikan karakter yang terdapat dalam novel Rindu karangan Tere Liye sebanyak 132 data (80%) dan yang tidak terdapat niai pendidikan karakter terdapat 33 data (20%). Dengan rincian sebagai berikut: nilai religius terdapat 22 data (13,33%), nilai toleransi terdapat 7 data (4,24%), nilai disiplin terdapat 9 data (5,45%), nilai mandiri terdapat 9 data(5,45%), nilai cinta damai terdapat 7 data (4,24%), nilai komunikatif terdapat 29 data (17,57%), nilai gemar membaca terdapat 10 data (6,06%), nilai demokratis terdapat 6 data (3,63%), nilai semangat kebangsaan terdapat 11 data (6,67%), dan nilai peduli sosial terdapat 23 data (13,93%). Novel Rindu karangan Tere Liye lebih dominan memiliki nilai bersahabat/komunikatif. Penelitian ini juga diimplikasikan pada pembelajaran bahasa, khususnya materi teks novel untuk tingkat sekolah menengah atas (SMA) kelas XII KD. 3.9 Menganalisis isi dan kebahasaan novel dan KD. 4.9 Merancang novel atau novelet dengan memerhatikan isi dan kebahasaan. Saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya agar melakukan penelitian dengan objek novel Rindu karangan Tere Liye ini dengan aspek selain nilai pendidikan karakter serta didukung oleh ilmu-ilmu lain di luar sastra. Kata kunci: nilai pendidikan karakter, novel Rindu, Tere Liye

Optimization of Oil Production by Gas Lift Macaroni in “X” Field

<p><em>The background of this research was that in X Field many gas wells have stopped flowing years ago and not economical production anymore. </em><em>T</em><em>herefore the company has decided to use gas lift which is proper to the sandy oil reservoir characteristic. The tubing of the well has no gas lift mandrel completion as the well was a gas producer.</em><em> </em><em>The objectives of this research was that to design gas lift macaroni (GLM) to optimize oil production rate.</em><em> </em><em>The design of this research was that the new slim tubing 1.315 inch, called as</em><em> </em><em>macaroni</em><em> </em><em>tubing, was</em><em> </em><em>installed inside th</em><em>e </em><em>existing 3.</em><em> </em><em>5inch</em><em> </em><em> tubing. The gas lif</em><em>t </em><em>valves are installed</em><em> </em><em>inside</em><em> </em><em>macaroni tubing. T</em><em>he </em><em>data collection consists of</em><em> </em><em>reservoir</em><em> </em><em>data, surface</em><em> </em><em>data, and well diagram.</em></p><p><em>The result of this research was that the gas lift macaroni installation can generate oil production rate of 425 STB/day of the three wells. Gas lift valves of well A is</em><em> </em><em>four valves, well B is five valves, and well C is three valves. The deviation of software and manual calculation of valves depth is less than 1%. The cost saving by installing gas lift macaroni instead of workover operation to change the existing tubing with new tubing equipped with gas lift valves is USD 5,620,955 of three wells</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>