Pengaruh Biji Picung Muda (Pangium edule Reinw) sebagai Pengawet Ikan Nila Merah (Oreochromis niloticus)

The most popular fish farmers in Indonesia are tilapia. A decreasing in physical quality of fish after approximately 2 hours of death. The fish can be guaranteed the quality of freshness with preservation. Some people still use preservation by cooling, drying, fumigating, salting and even the formalin substances. This research use natural preservation that use young seed of Picung (Pangium edule Reinw). The aim of research was to determine the effect of the covered pasta duration as a natural preservative against the ratio freshness of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) meat in each treatment. This study used an experimental method consist four treatment; first, without covered pasta at 26 and 18 oC. The second, the 3 mm of covered pasta of fish at 26 and 18 oC. The assessment of physical appearance performed by organoleptic scoring of fresh fish and Friedman test. The results of this study indicate that red tilapia which is covered with 3mm thickness of Picung young seeds with a refrigerator temperature of 18˚C has score value of the average; eye 6.93, gills 7.68, smell 7.77 and texture 8.5 with at long time fresh of 168 hours.Keywords: organoleptic, covered pasta, long time fresh ABSTRAKBudidaya ikan di Indonesia paling banyak diminati adalah ikan nila. Ikan mengalami penurunan kualitas secara fisik setelah kurang lebih 2 jam setelah kematiannya. Ikan dapat terjamin kualitas kesegarannya usaha yang dilakukan adalah pengawetan. Beberapa masyarakat masih menggunakan pengawetan dengan metode pendinginan, pengeringan, pengasapan, penggaraman dan bahkan formalin. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengawetan secara alami, yaitu pemberian lumuran pasta biji picung mudah (Pangium edule Reinw). Tujuan dari dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu pelumuran pasta sebagai pengawet alami terhadap rasio kesegaran daging ikan nila merah (Oreochromis niloticus) pada setiap perlakuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental, ada empat perlakuan pertama yaitu ikan nila merah tanpa diberi pelumuran pada suhu 26˚C dan 18˚C. Kedua ikan nila merah dilumuri biji picung halus setebal 3 mm pada suhu 26˚C dan 18˚C. Penilaian kenampakan secara fisik dilakukan dengan scoring organoleptik ikan segar dan uji Friedman. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ikan nila merah yang dilumuri oleh biji picung muda ketebalan 3mm dengan suhu pendingin 18˚C memiliki skor nilai rata-rata mata 6,93, insang 7,68, bau 7,77 dan tekstur 8,5 dengan lama waktu simpan selama 168 jam.Kata kunci: organoleptik, lumuran pasta, lama waktu segar

Transcriptome analysis of Chelidonium majus elaiosomes and seeds provide insights into fatty acid biosynthesis

Background Elaiosomes are specialized fleshy and edible seed appendages dispersed by ants. Lipids are the primary components of elaiosomes. Chelidonium majus is a well-known plant, the seeds of which are dispersed by ants. Previous studies have identified the presence of primary fatty acids in its elaiosomes and seeds. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fatty acid biosynthesis in elaiosomes remain unknown. Methods In order to gain a comprehensive transcriptional profile of the elaiosomes and seeds of C. majus, and understand the expression patterns of genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, four different developmental stages, including the flower-bud (Ch01), flowering (Ch02), young seed (Ch03), and mature seed (Ch04) stages, were chosen to perform whole-transcriptome profiling through the RNA-seq technology (Illumina NGS sequencing). Results A total of 63,064 unigenes were generated from 12 libraries. Of these, 7,323, 258, and 11,540 unigenes were annotated with 25 Cluster of Orthologous Groups, 43 Gene Ontology terms, and 373 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, respectively. In addition, 322 genes were involved in lipid transport and metabolism, and 508 genes were involved in the lipid metabolism pathways. A total of 41 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the lipid metabolism pathways were identified, most of which were upregulated in Ch03 compared to Ch02, indicating that fatty acid biosynthesis primarily occurs during the flowering to the young seed stages. Of the DEGs, acyl-ACP thioesterases, acyl carrier protein desaturase (DESA1), and malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase were involved in palmitic acid synthesis; stearoyl-CoA desaturase and DESA1 were involved in oleic acid synthesis, and acyl-lipid omega-6 desaturase was involved in linoleic acid synthesis.

Seed structure and physiology in relation to recruitment ecology in Leucospermum (Proteaceae) in fynbos

Development of embryo envelopes in Leucospermum cordifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) Fourcade is presented in a detailed anatomical study, and their structure interpreted ecologically. To support interpretation results for at least six other species of Leucospermum are reviewed, confirming that L. cordifolium is representative of this shrubby group occurring in fynbos, a fire-prone Mediterranean-type vegetation subject to summer drought. The fate of the water-permeable seed coverings subsequent to dispersal is followed in seeds stored experimentally underground. The testa at maturity effectively excludes oxygen in intact soil-stored seeds, thus creating a less common type of physical dormancy which we term ‘anoxia PY’ (oxygen-impermeable physical dormancy). We postulate ‘fire-mediated desiccation-scarification’ testa breakage on a large scale in freshly dispersed (by ants) soil-stored young-seeds, dynamically regulated by drying of different testa layers through fire heat shock (but also by post-fire ambient climate heat), thus alleviating anoxia PY in, and causing undelayed germination of, a major part of the young-seed bank within the ensuing winter germination season. Concurrently a patchy disturbance pattern within a lesser portion of the young-seed cohort causes uneven underground desiccation-scarification by fire, resulting in variable degrees of oxygenation and thus temporally extended (erratic) germination of young-seeds. Both of these strategies are primary long term fitness traits in Leucospermum. By contrast the persistent older-seed cohort, stored underground during the inter-fire period, may become weathered by soil and climate factors (‘soil-mediated abrasion’), which alleviates anoxia PY in old seeds. Thermodormancy of these embryos (physiological dormancy, PD) is enforced in unburnt vegetation by two narrow habitat-dependent daily temperature requirements (~10°C × 20°C), and these have specific ecological functions. The complex Leucospermum system includes balanced adaptive responses to multiple selective pressures. We propose a coherent mechanistic profile for this fynbos genus, synthesising data partly from the literature of other fire-prone ecosystems.

The effects of top pruning on growth and production of conelets and cones in Pinus brutia Ten seed orchards of different ages

In economic and biological terms (rapid growth, the ability to produce seeds at an early age, etc.) Pinus brutia Ten. is one the most important forest tree species in Turkey. Considerable progress has been made in Pinus brutia Ten. breeding program and both phenotypical and according to the results of progeny trials, totaling 615-hectare seed orchardshas been established. Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchardshas reached 43% of the total orchard area and covered the largest area. To acquire information on the management of seed orchards, top pruning has been carried out on three Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchards of different ages (old, middle-aged and young). Two top pruning regimes were applied in these three seed orchards, once in 2008 to the old orchard, while a single topping regime was applied in 2008 and 2012 to the middle-aged and young orchards.Each year, the height, diameter at breast height, and bi-directional crown diameter were measured, and all conelets and cones on ramets were counted beforeand after pruning. At the end of four years, control ramets in old and young seed orchards had higher values of height, diameter at breast height, and volume indexcompared to the middle-aged orchard. On the other hand, even though the control ramets in the middle-aged seed orchard reached a greater height, pruned ramets reached a greater volume index and diameter at breast height. While the height differences observed between control and pruned ramets in all seed orchards at the beginning eventually decreased, it was observed that the heights of pruned ramets grew proportionally larger. No difference was founded between the control and pruned ramets in terms of cone and conelet production. Pruning intervals and regimes varied in old, middle-aged and young seed orchards, and it was acknowledgedthat top pruning could be used for old, middle-aged and young seed orchard managements.

Lotus japonicus Contains Two Distinct ENOD40 Genes That Are Expressed in Symbiotic, Nonsymbiotic, and Embryonic Tissues

ENOD40, an early nodulin gene, has been postulated to play a significant role in legume root nodule ontogenesis. We have isolated two distinct ENOD40 genes from Lotus japonicus. The transcribed regions of the two ENOD40 genes share 65% homology, while the two promoters showed no significant homology. Both transcripts encode a putative dodecapeptide similar to that identified in other legumes forming determinate nodules. Both ENOD40 genes are coordinately expressed following inoculation of roots with Mesorhizobium loti or treatment with purified Nod factors. In the former case, mRNA accumulation could be detected up to 10 days following inoculation while in the latter case the accumulation was transient. High levels of both ENOD40 gene transcripts were found in nonsymbiotic tissues such as stems, fully developed flowers, green seed pods, and hypocotyls. A relatively lower level of both transcripts was observed in leaves, roots, and cotyledons. In situ hybridization studies revealed that, in mature nodules, transcripts of both ENOD40 genes accumulate in the nodule vascular system; additionally, in young seed pods strong signal is observed in the ovule, particularly in the phloem and epithelium, as well as in globular stage embryos.

345 Seed Germination of Inland Saltgrass

Distichlis spicata var. stricta (Torrey) Beetle is a native grass that tolerates salt, high pH, and some heavy metals. It has been proposed for use in several challenging environments, including mine spoils and salt-impacted areas of golf courses, but its widespread use has been hindered by several factors, one of which is seed dormancy. Dormancy appears to be coat-imposed and can be overcome by scarification in relatively young seed lots. Thirteen-year-old seeds germinated better without scarification. Seeds were tested at several constant and alternating temperatures. Temperatures around 30 °C seemed to give the highest percentage germination, approaching the viability that was shown by tetrazolium chloride tests for each seed lot. Alternating temperatures increased the germination of unscarified seeds but not as much as scarification did. Light appears to be unnecessary for germination.

Canopy-Stored Seed Banks of Allocasuarina distyla and A. nana in Relation to Time Since Fire

Aspects of the serotinous seed banks of Allocasuarina distyla (Vent.) L. Johnson and A. nana (Sieb. ex Spreng.) L. Johnson are presented in relation to fire. A. distyla is single-stemmed and fire-sensitive; A. nana resprouts multiple stems from a lignotuber following fire. Vegetative above-ground plant growth correlates with seed bank size in A. distyla better than in A. nana. There is approximately 10 times the canopy-stored seed in A. nana 8 years after fire than in A. distyla 9 years after fire. The critical period to initial seed set in A. distyla is between about 7 and 9 years. In A. nana, this period is typically longer but appears to depend on the age of the seed-producing genets. The age structure of the seed banks in both species remains more or less constant in time, with most seed being young. Seed viability declines in A. distyla from an initial 60% to less than 10% within about 12 years after seed set. A similar pattern appears likely for A. nana, although initial seed viability is about 40%. Attrition in seed viability is attributed to seed predation by insects, fungal attack and seed senescence. The dynamics of seed production and survivorship appear to be similar to those in serotinous proteaceous species studied to date.