Inquisitor as Physician: Friars, Inquisitors, Women, and Medical Knowledge in Early Colonial New Spain (1530–1650)

New Spain was the site not only of one of the largest-scale missionary enterprises in Christian history, but also of a prolonged encounter among diverse medical traditions of Mesoamerican, African, and European origin in which male missionaries were central. Given the paucity of licensed physicians in the colony, religious involvement in medical practice remained significant throughout the colonial period. This paper considers the confluence of religion and medicine in the encounters that friars and inquisitors had with women, arguing that in these encounters, missionaries and inquisitors participated in the translation, circulation, and creation of medical knowledge and positioned themselves as both theological and medical authorities, as proponents and translators of Galenic medical theory, and as “confessor-physicians” rather than “confessor-judges.” Women thus played a crucial interlocutory role in the articulation of a colonial religio-medical regime whose primary framers were not physicians, but clergymen.

Taxing Disability: A Critical Look into the Medical Cannabis Regime under the New Cannabis Act, 2018

Medical marijuana users represent many people with disabilities in Canada. Recent legislative attempts have allowed people with disabilities to access cannabis as medicine, however the landscape is ever changing. The Cannabis Act was recently introduced, legalizing marijuana for all; however, people with disabilities have not been accounted for when it comes to the issue of access to medicine. Those who rely on cannabis as medicine and those who enjoy it recreationally are now part of the same system, for better or worse. The new medical marijuana regime, under the new Cannabis Act, boasts a “two-stream” process, and it claims that it will be maintaining and improving the old medical regime alongside the new recreational regime. The applicable taxes tell a different story. Medical marijuana has always been subject to sales tax despite being effectively prescribed by doctors to manage and treat many disabilities and illnesses. Now, with the enactment of the Cannabis Act, medical marijuana is subject to an excise tax too—colloquially known as the “sin tax.” Recreational and medical marijuana are subject to the same taxation scheme, making any notion of a “two-stream” process nonsensical and blatantly unfair. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the varying faults concerning the medical marijuana regime in Canada, with specific emphasis on the issue of taxation. In the simplest terms, taxing medical marijuana is taxing medicine and effectively taxing people with disabilities. Broken down into five parts, this article discusses the underlying reasons for the taxes surrounding medical marijuana, provides a case study of the most important tax case for medical marijuana users, scrutinizes the lack of recognition of medical marijuana as a proper prescription, outlines the ways to improve legislation, and, finally, explores a potential Charter challenge that can be effectively brought against this taxation.

Concentric Catheterization to the Fractional non-Newtonian Hybrid Nano Blood Flow through a Stenosed Aneurysmal Artery

The main theme of this paper is to analyze the effects of concentric catheterization to the diseased arterial segment having both stenosis and aneurysm along its boundary. Fractional second grade hybrid nanofluid model is under consideration. Governing equations are formulated and further linearized for both cases of mild stenosis and aneurysm. Precise articulations for various important flow characteristics heat transfer, hemodynamic velocity, wall shear stress and resistance impedance are attained. Graphical portrayals for the impact of the significant parameters on the flow attributes have been devised and talked about. The worldwide conduct of blood has been examined using an instantaneous streamlines pattern. The present concept plans to be of use in medical regime for the drug conveyance system and biomedicines.

Obligations, consent and contracts in Scots law: re-analysing the basis of medical malpractice liability in light of Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board

Professors MacQueen and Thomson have defined ‘contract’, within Scots law, as denoting ‘an agreement between two or more parties having the capacity to make it, in the form demanded by law, to perform, on one side or both, acts which are not trifling, indeterminate, impossible or illegal’. This definition reflects the fact that Scottish contracts are underpinned by consent, rather than by ‘consideration’. This, naturally, has the potential to be of great significance within the context of physician/patient relationships, particularly since the 2006 case of Dow v Tayside University Hospitals NHS Trust acknowledged that these relationships could be contractual in nature. This observation is of renewed importance since the landmark decision in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board, which found that physicians must ensure that they obtain full and freely given ‘informed consent’ from their patients, prior to providing medical services. In light of the present medical regime which requires ‘doctor and patient [to] reach agreement on what should happen’, the basis of liability for medical negligence, in Scotland, requires reanalysis: ‘To have a contract only when the patient pays is not consistent with a legal system which has no doctrine of consideration in contract’.

Combination of mifepristone and misopristol in early fetal demise

Background: Generally misopristol alone is used in cases of early fetal demise successfully. However to further enhance the success rate a combination of mifepristone along with misopristol can be used. This results in avoiding anesthesia, surgery and operating theater resources, thus being economically viable and results in an overall greater patient satisfaction levels also. Globally, there is a general trend to grant patient greater autonomy in their treatment plan, minimize intervention levels, shorter hospital stay and quicker return to normal schedule and enhanced patient satisfaction levels.Methods: 100 patients with early fetal demise, who reported to a tertiary care service hospital were prospectively evaluated. An oral dose of mifepristone 200 mg stat and 48 hours later misoprostol 800 μg was inserted vaginally. Three hours following the first dose, two further doses of 400 μg misoprostol, was administered vaginally at 3 hours intervals. Repeat medical regime was offered with misoprostol patients who failed to pass products of conception. Success was defined as complete uterine evacuation within 3 days, without the need for surgical evacuation.Results: The overall success rate of medical management was 84%. Mifepristone alone induced natural expulsion of products of conception in (40%) patients complained of heavy bleeding within 48 hours of mifepristone administration alone and in 29 (29%) patients complete miscarriage was confirmed on ultrasound scan. Of the 68 women who were symptomatic at presentation the medical regime failed in 28 (41%), compared with five (16%) failures of the 32 who were asymptomatic. Of the 25 women who had surgical evacuation, eight required an emergency curettage for bleeding.Conclusions: Combination of oral mifepristone along with vaginal misopristol is a simple, safe and effective means of treating early fetal demise, and is an effective alternative method to expectant and surgical options.

The resistance of urban poor upon the modern medication system: Reaction towards the power domination practice of the medical regime

The power domination that reflected in the form of dominant discourse and normality management done by the medical regime through the hegemony process and the panoptic mechanism upon the individual and society in concrete is marked by the presence of regulation and surveillance (monitoring) in the medical fields. This study focuses the attention on the attempt in understanding and analyze the process and the resistance of urban poor upon the modern medication system that is internalized by medical regime as well as to explain the base or the potential problem that could become the trigger for the occurrence of resistance. This study also discuss the power relation that is made with the health personnel as well as to identify the base or the background that causing the resistance. This study used the qualitative-inductive method and the reflexive methodology. With the critical perspective and using the reflexive methodology from this study, conclusion can be drawn the power domination that is demonstrated by the medical regime has create the critical awareness of the urban poor that is followed by the process of resistance that is realized in the technique of low profile by avoiding, retracting, fatalist and passive. All of that is according to the characteristics of the low class structure as well as the resistance that is personal, spontaneous, and expressive; that tend to be manifested as well as exit and developed an alternative discourse/ otherness according to the autonomy of willingness and power owned by the urban poor. In the context of resistance act of urban poor is realized in three shapes: (a) urban poor developed skepticism and criticism upon the modern medication although they still accessing the modern medication, (b) developed the pluralistic-patterned medical orientation or the combinative one. Lastly, (c) the exit of urban poor and developed the alternative discourse/otherness about the medication system to gain the recovery according to the autonomy of willingness and power held by it.

THE RISALAH FI TADBIR SAFAR AL-HAJJ

It is well known that a large amount of knowledge had been transformed by the Greek's scientist through the works of the scribes who translated various knowledge into Arabic who then retranslated them info other languages. One of the important works of the Greek scientist is a treatise on Medical Regime for the Pilgrims to Mecca that was edited by Gerrit Bos. The author of this work, a Christian scholar named Qusta' ibn Luqa, knows the condition of Mecca quite well that he could write such a complete guide on medicine for somebody who wanted to perform the pilgrimage to the holy city. This, this article aims at describing this prominent work of Qusta' ibn Luqo through the text edition written by Gerrit Bos. Keywords: Qusta' ibn Luqo, Gerrit Bos, manuscript, pilgrimage

The Usefulness of Submaximal Exercise Gas Exchange in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Case Series

Introduction Submaximal exercise gas exchange may be a useful tool to track responses to therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. Methods Three patients diagnosed with idiopathic PAH, on differing therapies, were included. Standard clinical tests (echocardiography; 6 minute walk) were performed pre and 3-5 months after treatment. Gas exchange was measured during 3 minutes of step exercise at both time points. Results Gas exchange variables, end tidal CO2 (PETCO2) and the ratio of ventilation to CO2 production (VE/VCO2), during submaximal exercise were able to track patient responses to therapy over a 3-5 month period. Two patients demonstrated positive improvements, with an increased PETCO2 and decreased VE/VCO2 during light exercise, in response to an altered therapeutic regime. The third patient had a worsening of gas exchange (decreased PETCO2 and increased VE/VCO2) following no changes in the medical regime from the baseline visit. Conclusion Gas exchange variables measured during light submaximal exercise, such as PETCO2 and VE/VCO2, may be able to better detect small changes in functional status following treatment and could, therefore, be a useful tool to track disease severity in PAH patients. Further study is required to determine the clinical usefulness of these gas exchange variables.