Vaccination Strategy for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Early 2021 Based on Differences in People's Behavior Between Tokyo and Osaka, Japan

Background: During the fourth COVID-19 wave in Japan, a marked difference was apparent in the scale of the epidemic between Metropolitan Tokyo in eastern Japan and Osaka prefecture in western Japan.Methods: Public epidemic data were analyzed, with performance of mathematical simulations using simplified SEIR models.Results: The increase in the number of infected persons per 100,000 population during the fourth wave of expansion was greater in Osaka than in Tokyo. The basic reproduction number in Osaka was greater than in Tokyo. Particularly, the number of infected people in their 20s increased during the fourth wave: the generation-specific reproduction number of people in their 20s was higher than people of other generations. Both Tokyo and Osaka had strong correlation between the increase in the number of infected people and the average number of people using the main downtown stations at night. Simulations showed vaccination of people in their 60s and older reduced the number of infected people among the high-risk elderly population in the fourth wave. However, age-specific vaccination of people in their 20s reduced the number of infected people more than vaccination of people in their 60s and older.Conclusions: Differences in the epidemic between Tokyo and Osaka are explainable by different behaviors of the most socially active generation. When vaccine supplies are adequate, priority should be assigned to high-risk older adults, but if vaccine supplies are scarce, simulation results suggest consideration of vaccinating specific groups among whom the epidemic is spreading rapidly.

Dynamic brain activity during associative learning examined with MEG/fMRI co-processing

ABSTRACTBackgroundDue to limitations of individual neuroimaging methods we examine spatial and temporal contributions to self-generation using multimodality imaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) within the Bayesian framework Multiple Sparse Priors (MSP).New Method24 healthy participants performed an fMRI and MEG paired-associate learning task. FMRI data were processed within Group ICA fMRI Toolbox. Independent components (ICs) were temporally sorted by task time series (|r|>0.30 threshold identified task-related ICs). Task-positive (“generate”) ICs were retained as spatial priors for MEG analyses. MEG data were processed by averaging trials to increase the signal-to-noise ratio within subjects and with an event-related theta power approach. MEG source reconstructions were constrained within the task-positive ICs for both analytical approaches.ResultsFor fMRI, five networks were identified as task-related. Four ICs underlying active generation spanned bilateral parietal, orbitofrontal, medial frontal and superior temporal regions, and occipital lobe. FMRI-constrained MEG source reconstructions yielded early visual cortex activity followed by left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) recruitment to coalesce in the left inferior temporal lobe. For the event-related theta approach, reconstructions showed a progression of activity from bilateral temporal areas to left OFC and middle temporal gyrus, followed by right IFG.Comparison with Existing MethodsMSP analyses informed by fMRI produced more focused regional activity than reconstructions without priors suggesting increased attention and maintenance when selecting relevant semantic information during active generation.ConclusionsConstraining MEG source reconstruction to fMRI priors during active generation implicates interconnected fronto-temporal and fronto-parietal networks across time.

Big Data and Learning Analytics Model for Promoting Physical Literacy in College Students in China

Physical literacy has gained much popularity in educational circles who are working on the improvement of curriculum and overall standard of education. It involves a holistic lifelong comprehensive learning approach that includes movements and physical activities. Overall, it has positive effects on physical, psychological, social, and cognitive health of individuals, so physical literacy exemplifies the dedication to raise a healthier, more active generation. Numerous factors interacting between humanities and social sciences affect the promotion of physical literacy, so such a study will be interdisciplinary which will consider across all social and individual factors. The current research proposes a system dynamic “SD” model to promote students’ physical literacy by building a complete causal loop diagram of the model to illustrate the general system. Based on the casual loop diagram, the system is then presented as four subsystems. The model is simulated by allocating 14 different changes of indexes in the physical literacy promotion system to find better allocations for optimal effectiveness in promoting physical literacy. Simulations are carried out by using the Apache Spark architecture utilizing “Big Data” tools for effective, speedy, and reliable analysis and results. The study proposes that different physical literacy indexes in different grades require attention; the optimal promotion of physical literacy can be achieved by increasing the physical knowledge of lower-grade students and increasing the physical attitude of higher-grade students. The model can be used to make decisions about efficient physical literacy management and physical literacy promotion planning.

Capitalising on faith? An intergenerational study of social and religious capital among Baby Boomers and Millennials in Britain

Intergenerational inequalities in economic security, health and political participation are frequently associated with inequalities in access to social capital. Millennials (those born after 1982) are often regarded as the least civically active generation, suggesting that they have less access to social capital, compared to other generations. Numerous studies have linked the decline of religion with falling social capital, as younger generations are deprived of a valuable source of social interaction; others, however, have claimed the link between the two is spurious because Millennials have developed different ways of interacting with social institutions and each other. Despite various studies exploring links between forms of religious and social capital, the role of religious decline in contributing to the intergenerational inequalities of today remains unclear. This study examines how religious capital is related to social capital for Baby Boomers and Millennials in the UK. Our analysis shows that while lower levels of religious capital are contributing to lower levels of social capital among Millennials, religious activity is also a more effective source of social capital for Millennials than their elders. We discuss possible interpretations of our data, including exploring whether greater religious engagement among Millennials may protect against intergenerational inequality and conflict.

(In/Ex)clusive fitness cultures: an institutional ethnography of group exercise for older adults

Older adults benefit greatly from being physically active yet they are the least active generation. To appeal to older consumers, to reduce barriers older adults experience to becoming physically active and to increase the number of physically active older adults, the exercise market has been divided into mainstream fitness and age-segregated programming that specifically targets older adults. This research employed an institutional ethnography approach to understand better the social discourses and material practices that shape socially (in/ex)clusive physical cultures for older exercisers in both mainstream and older-adult group exercise classes. Textual analyses, interviews and field observations revealed that the material and discursive work practices intended to promote inclusivity in group exercise physical cultures actually engendered age-exclusive markets. Herein, we discuss how the guidelines and policies put forth by these certifying bodies, and the training curricula they publish, govern group exercise practices in a manner that tends to align with dominant ideological discourses conflating age and ability. We conclude by arguing that in order to create more inclusive physical cultures, mainstream fitness providers need to embrace options that appeal to potential group exercise consumers of all abilities, regardless of age.

Charting the unknown currents of cellular flows and forces

ABSTRACTOne of the central questions in developmental biology concerns how cells become organized into tissues of the correct size, shape and polarity. This organization depends on the implementation of a cell's genetic information to give rise to specific and coordinated cell behaviors, including cell division and cell shape change. The execution of these cell behaviors requires the active generation of mechanical forces. However, understanding how force generation is controlled and, importantly, coordinated among many cells in a tissue was little explored until the early 2000s. Suzanne Eaton was one of the pioneers in this emerging field of developmental tissue mechanics. As we briefly review here, she connected the quantitative analysis of cell behaviors with genetic assays, and integrated physical modeling with measurements of mechanical forces to reveal fundamental insights into epithelial morphogenesis at cell- and tissue-level scales.

Oscillatory responses to generated and perceived rhythms

Neural oscillations have been proposed as a mechanism for structure building in language and music. In music, this idea is appealing because of the intuitive mapping between perceptual and neural rhythms. The strongest evidence has come from studies in which participants listened to isochronous sequences of identical tones and were asked to imagine hearing them in binary (march) or ternary meter (waltz). The critical finding was that in addition to increased signal at the frequency corresponding to the tone rate there was increased signal at the imagined meter frequencies. While it is striking that meter tracking was observed without any acoustic cues in the input, rhythm perception was confounded with rhythm imagery involving active generation of rhythmic structure. We conducted two electroencephalography experiments with musicians and non-musicians, teasing apart the effects of rhythm perception and rhythm generation. Evidence for meter-related neural oscillations was only observed in situations where rhythmic structure was actively generated, either via rhythm imagery or in the form of overt behavior (tapping). Thus, our data suggest that mere rhythm perception is not sufficient to elicit oscillations at the meter frequency and that they are instead driven by the active generation of rhythm. This undermines the proposal that neural oscillations constitute a basic structure building mechanism in rhythm perception and raises questions about the role of oscillations in language processing.

Tradisi Nyumpet dalam Budaya Lokal Pada Masyarakat Sekuro Kabupaten Jepara

Culture is a custom made from long ago. The fundamental thing of culture is the presence of predecessors or ancestral information either written or unwritten. The local culture of java still in jepara district is a ‘nyumpet’ tradition. The study aims to describe how to preserve local culture in Indonesian tradition especially the ‘nyumpet’ tradition in jepara district securitate so society so that the younger generation will not forget the culture that has been built up long ago. This article was prepared using a library study method where the data obtained came from various books, journals, theses and several libraries from related sources. The scope of this study is expected to shape the fine young generation, responsible, and active generation of young people in local cultures. The ‘nyumpet’ tradition is a ritual performed by some people jepara kejawen. The nyumpet ritual is performed when there is a wedding ceremony or circumcision.

BORROWING AS AN ACTIVE GENERATION MECHANISM SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article is devoted to the study of terminology vocabulary borrowed from English. Borrowing is seen as one of the productive methods of thermo formation. Ways of formation of scientific and technical terminology are investigated.

Strategic Position and Tuning of UPFC using Multiple Indices and Flower pollination Algorithm for Contingency Management

In this paper, a technique was proposed in the presence of UPFC to optimize the sizing of generators with Flower Pollination algorithm. The UPFC is based on an index incorporating both the L-index and the LUF index. For tuning the generators, a multi objective function has been selected. The multi-objective feature consists of deviation of voltage, cost of active generation of power and loss of transmission line. This approach was tested and implemented for regular loading and extreme network conditions due to line failure (contingency situation) on an IEEE 30 test bus system