The Effectiveness of Chocolate in Reducing the Number of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonies in Rattus norvegicus

Chocolate has long been understood to provide positive emotions and a good mood if consumed in moderation. Chocolate contains prebiotics naturally from its constituent ingredients produced during the production process. Prebiotics, frequently oligosaccharides, are substances which cannot be metabolized by the human digestive system but can be employed by a group of bacteria in the gut, understood as probiotics. The positive relationship among them provides benefits for the host in eliminating pathogens. One of the well-known pathogens which frequently cause infection either in the community or in hospitals is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Since it was first identified in 1960, MRSA has caused health problems until today. Research conducted on two groups of Rattus norvegicus infected with MRSA and then fed chocolate revealed a decrease in the average number of bacterial colonies on the skin compared to the control group. In the group fed chocolate at a dose of 50 mg/day, the bacterial colonies decreased to 1.28 x 108 CFU/cm2 in 7 days, lower than in the control group (1.46 x 108 CFU/cm2) at the same time. While those fed 75 mg/day chocolate decreased to 2.70 x 107 CFU/cm2 and the three groups were significantly different (0.000<0.05). Prebiotics fermented by probiotics release short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which compete with the pathogens for attaching to the epithelial wall so that pathogens lose space and nutrients to survive. However, the adverse effect of chocolate may occur because it contains sugar which is a nutrient for bacteria, but if the balance of normal flora and adequate intake of prebiotics are administered, the pathogen could be eliminated.

PERIAPICAL CYST IN DENTAL HOSPITAL FACULTY OF DENTISTRY UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 2018-2019 PERIOD

A periapical cyst is a lesion often found in dental practice. It is an odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin with an epithelial wall originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez found in the periodontal ligament. Its high prevalence compared to other types of the odontogenic cyst and the absence of recent study of its distribution and frequency based on age, gender, tooth element, position, condition of the involved tooth, and its treatment render the need for further study. A retrospective descriptive study was done using the secondary data found in the patient's medical record. The study showed some patients with periapical cysts were at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department in the 2018-2019 period. The frequency and distribution of periapical cyst are primarily found in the third decade of life (39.1%). It found more in female patients (69.6%), more often involved maxillary lateral incisive (33.3%), mostly found at the apical of involved teeth (77.8%), involved teeth condition were more often pulp necrosis (63.0%), and endodontic treatment was the more chosen treatment (22.2%).

Nanoparticles as Budding Trends in Colon Drug Delivery for the Management of Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, which is characterized by Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic relapsing colon disease distinguishes by the interference of epithelial wall and colonic site tenderness. For the treatment of ulcerative colitis, various side effects have been reported, due to the non-specific delivery of the targeted drug of the conventional system. This review will explain the reader about various considerations for the preparation of orally administered NPs drug delivery systems for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Moreover, principles and novel strategies for colon targeting based on the physiology of colon so that the tract of gastro intestine can be used as the identification marker for a target site for drugs. Besides this, the role of phytomedicines in controlling and managing the ulcerative colitis has been discussed. Additionally, the major problem for the smart delivery of NPs in clinical applications with their difficulties in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) was also discussed. Finally, this review provides various potential approaches to NPs for the treatment of UC.

TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECT OF INHALED MOSQUITO INCENSE STICKS SMOKE ON THE HISTOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicological effects of four brands of mosquito incense stick smoke (DR insecticide stick (AS-1987), Incense upgraded formula (BM-102), Fragrance (B3-254) and Citronella (A7-435) on selected biochemical and histological profile of male albino wistar rats. Fifteen (15) wistar rats with mean weight (174.6 ±0.91g) were randomly divided into five (5) groups. Group I were considered as negative control while group II, III, IV and V were challenged with the brands of mosquito incense stick smoke for 8 hours daily by inhalation for 21 days. Laboratory investigations were carried out using standard protocols. It was observed that the activities of the liver enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the experimental rats when compared with the control. The histopathological alterations examined in the liver tissues of the experimental rats during the study period include mild necrosis, mild degeneration of hepatocytes and cellular infiltration from group III, IV and V respectively. Lung tissues of the challenged rats of group II, III and V revealed mild cellular infilterations around alveolar septa, hyperplasia and bronchiolar epithelial wall degeneration respectively. Kidney tissues revealed glomeruli distortion, mild haemorrhage and renal damage from group III and IV respectively. The alterations examined in the liver, kidney and lung tissues of the experiment rats were period dependent but independent of mosquito sticks brands which inferred that continuous exposure to mosquito stick

Transvaginal Cystocele and Rectocele Repair, Using a New Very Simple Suturing DE-ALWIS TECHNIQUE

The purpose of this exercise is to introduce a very simple new technique of epithelial closure, in this case the vaginal wall. The new technique (the de Alwis method) has been used by us for decades. Proplapse of the uterus or several pelvic organs has been a problem for centuries and a most embarrassing experience for many. Different surgical and nonsurgical measures have been performed over centuries. The de Alwis method of vaginal epithelial wall approximation is shown to be cosmetically most accepted in our unit and has had no adhesions nor granulation tissue formation. Purpose: A different technique of vaginal repair with the de Alwis suturing technique of epithelium approximation, over a twenty-year period. Method: This is a retrospective review of 41 patients who underwent vaginal repairs with the de Alwis method suturing technique, for over a decade. In many, the Baden-Walker halfway classification was used before and during follow-up. Four elderly frail patients, with vaginal vault prolapsed and who were not sexually active, opted for Le Forts’ colpocleisis. Transvaginal vaginal repair followed by vaginal epithelial closure using the de Alwis surgical technique, had no granulation tissue formation, and was cosmetically satisfying.

A new role for the exhaled nitric oxide as a functional marker of peripheral airway caliber changes: a theoretical study

Although considered as an inflammation marker, exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was shown to be sensitive to airway caliber changes to such an extent that it might be considered as a marker of them. It is thus important to understand how these changes and their localization mechanically affect the total NO flux penetrating the airway lumen ( JawNO), and hence FENO, independently from any inflammatory status change. In this work, a new model was used. It simulates NO production, consumption, and diffusion inside the airway epithelium, NO excretion from the epithelial wall into the airway lumen and, finally, its axial transport by diffusion and convection in the airway lumen. This model may also consider the possible presence of a fluid layer coating the epithelial wall. Simulations were performed. They show the great sensitivity of JawNO to peripheral airway caliber changes. Moreover, FENO shows distinct behaviors, depending on the location of the caliber change. Considering a bronchodilation, absence of FENO change was associated with dilation of central airways, FENO increase with dilation down to pre-acinar small airways, and FENO decrease with intra-acinar dilation due to the amplification of the back diffusion flux. The presence of a fluid layer was also shown to play a significant role in FENO changes. Altogether, the present work theoretically supports that specific FENO changes in acute situations are linked to specifically located airway caliber changes in the lung periphery. This opens the way for a new role for FENO as a functional marker of peripheral airway caliber change. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a new model of nitric oxide production and transport, allowing realistic simulation of airway caliber change, the present work theoretically supports that specific changes of the molar fraction of nitric oxide in the exhaled air, occurring without any change in the inflammatory status, are linked to specifically located airway caliber changes in the lung periphery. This opens the way for a new role for FENO as a functional marker of peripheral airway caliber change.

Pemanfaatan Bakteri Selulolitik Sekum Kelinci dengan Aras Konsentrasi Koloni dan Waktu Inkubasi untuk Fermentasi Limbah Agroindustri Lokal dalam Pakan Kelinci

This study aims to isolation, characterization and create a culture of cellulolytic bacteria from<br />the caecum of rabbits to fermentation local agro-industry waste CSO (skin coconut meat, soybean seed coat and onggok) into quality feed products and palatable as a commercial feedstuff substitute for optimization performance of rabbit. The materials of study are rabbit caecum, culture media and waste CSO. The study methods is descriptive of isolation, characterization and creation of caecum cellulolytic bacterial culture, continued experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial 3 x 5 fermentation of cellulolytic bacteria colonies concentration (Ci = 10 CFU / g DM, C2 = 108 CFU / g DM, C3 = 109 CFU / g DM) and a long incubation (Ii = 2 days, I2 = 4 days , I3 = 6 days , I4 = 8 days, I5 = 10 days). The results show that cellulolytic bacteria strongest from epithelial wall of caecum are gram-positive, do not form spores, catalase negative and bacillus. The nutrient content of waste CSO: CP 10.11%; CF 20.99%; EE 31.52%; NDF 33.42%, ADF 21,35% and cellulose 11.97% so need to be fermented. Treatment of bacterial colonies concentration and long Pemanfaatan Bakteri Selulolitik ... (Ali dan Wadjdi) incubation in fermentation CSO partially lowered OM, EE, CF, NDF, ADF and cellulose, but increase the CP. Treatment interaction increases CP and other nutrients down not significant. Effective treatment interaction concentration 108 CFU / g DM and long incubation 8 days with CP 11.55%; CF 17.34%; EE 31.29%; NDF 28.23% ; ADF 18:33% and cellulose 8.89%. In conclusion, the strongest rabbit caecum cellulolytic bacteria from the epithelial wall of the caecum are gram positive, not sporulating, catalase negative and formed bacillus. Nutrient content of the best CSOF at K2I8<br />treatment with CP increased 14.36% and other nutrients down: CF 17.39%; EE 0.73%; NDF 15.53% and cellulose.25.74%. Suggested fermentation effectiveness CSO waste can use the caecum cellulolytic bacteria concentration of 10 CFU / g DM material and incubation time of 8 days.<br />Keywords: CSO waste, fermentation, nutrient content.

Pemanfaatan Bakteri Selulolitik Sekum Kelinci dengan Aras Konsentrasi Koloni dan Waktu Inkubasi untuk Fermentasi Limbah Agroindustri Lokal dalam Pakan Kelinci

This study aims to isolation, characterization and create a culture of cellulolytic bacteria from<br />the caecum of rabbits to fermentation local agro-industry waste CSO (skin coconut meat, soybean seed coat and onggok) into quality feed products and palatable as a commercial feedstuff substitute for optimization performance of rabbit. The materials of study are rabbit caecum, culture media and waste CSO. The study methods is descriptive of isolation, characterization and creation of caecum cellulolytic bacterial culture, continued experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial 3 x 5 fermentation of cellulolytic bacteria colonies concentration (Ci = 10 CFU / g DM, C2 = 108 CFU / g DM, C3 = 109 CFU / g DM) and a long incubation (Ii = 2 days, I2 = 4 days , I3 = 6 days , I4 = 8 days, I5 = 10 days). The results show that cellulolytic bacteria strongest from epithelial wall of caecum are gram-positive, do not form spores, catalase negative and bacillus. The nutrient content of waste CSO: CP 10.11%; CF 20.99%; EE 31.52%; NDF 33.42%, ADF 21,35% and cellulose 11.97% so need to be fermented. Treatment of bacterial colonies concentration and long Pemanfaatan Bakteri Selulolitik ... (Ali dan Wadjdi) incubation in fermentation CSO partially lowered OM, EE, CF, NDF, ADF and cellulose, but increase the CP. Treatment interaction increases CP and other nutrients down not significant. Effective treatment interaction concentration 108 CFU / g DM and long incubation 8 days with CP 11.55%; CF 17.34%; EE 31.29%; NDF 28.23% ; ADF 18:33% and cellulose 8.89%. In conclusion, the strongest rabbit caecum cellulolytic bacteria from the epithelial wall of the caecum are gram positive, not sporulating, catalase negative and formed bacillus. Nutrient content of the best CSOF at K2I8<br />treatment with CP increased 14.36% and other nutrients down: CF 17.39%; EE 0.73%; NDF 15.53% and cellulose.25.74%. Suggested fermentation effectiveness CSO waste can use the caecum cellulolytic bacteria concentration of 10 CFU / g DM material and incubation time of 8 days.<br />Keywords: CSO waste, fermentation, nutrient content.

Differential survival of allosperm by location within the female storage organ of the snail Cornu aspersum

The sperm storage organ of terrestrial gastropod molluscs is implicated in sexual selection because it has a complex structure and it functions in a context of intense sperm competition. Received sperm are stored in spermathecal tubules. In our sample using the brown garden snail ( Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774)) (n = 58), the mean number of tubules per animal was 16, with lengths ranging from ≤40 to 2480 μm. A hereditary influence on tubule number was indicated by clutch-dependent variations. From histological sections, we counted the spermatozoa that were present in the tubules of ex-virgin snails 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after mating (n = 40). Sperm were distributed, on average, across 75% of the tubules in individual snails, thus contradicting one proposed mechanism for cryptic female choice. The total number of sperm declined 66% over 8 weeks, with the largest losses incurred by sperm in the lumens of the tubules and sperm gathered in clusters. By contrast, in the same period, the numbers of sperm that were in contact with the walls of the tubules remained relatively stable. These data imply that sperm survive best when attached to the epithelial wall, either because they derive nutrition from the epithelium or because they use the epithelium as an anchor.