A cartographic approach to sentence production in aphasia

There is much evidence that individuals with aphasia (IWA) are impaired in tense or aspectual inflections and the production of non-canonical sentences like passives. On the Cartographic Approach (CA), passives are represented at the lower node in the syntactic tree, with tense or aspectual elements at the higher node. This hierarchical structure can be used to account for the selective impairments in aphasic production. The present study reports the empirical findings from Chinese agrammatism using the theory of cartography. It is found that the performance of IWA with different degrees of severity is associated with different nodes (CP, TP, and vP) in the syntactic tree. Notably, the Chinese-speaking IWA are severely impaired in vP-related elements. Finally, the present study highlights the significance of adopting a cartographic approach to aphasia studies.

The influence of double tillering node on winter hardiness and yield of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.)

Исследования проводились в Московской области в 2014 2016 годах. Зимостойкость озимой тритикале является основным адаптивным свойством, определяющим урожайность культуры в регионе. Неблагоприятные условия перезимовки могут приводить к гибели узла кущения, что неминуемо вызывает гибель растений. Узел кущения обычно залегает на глубине 1,5 2,0 см от поверхности почвы. В некоторых случаях формируется нижний узел кущения, который развивается из пазушной почки колеоптиля и залегает на глубине заделки семян. В случае гибели нормального узла кущения нижний узел обеспечивает лучшую сохранность растений и снижение изреживания посевов. Данная работа посвящена поиску образцов озимой тритикале с повышенным содержанием двойных узлов кущения, оценке сопряжённости этого признака с сохранностью растений весной и урожайностью зерна. Изучено влияние данного признака на перезимовку и урожайность зерна 43 сортообразцов озимой гексаплоидной тритикале в условиях Центрального района Нечернозёмной зоны. Метеорологические условия в годы исследований различались: зимний период 2014 2015 годов был благоприятным для перезимовки растений тритикале в 2015 2016 годах наблюдались оттепели, что отрицательно сказалось на сохранности некоторых сортообразцов. Показано, что повышенное содержание растений с двумя узлами кущения положительно сказывается на перезимовке тритикале. Данный признак не оказывает прямого влияния на урожайность, однако выявлена положительная тенденция. Это даёт возможность отбора форм, сочетающих высокую адаптивность и урожайность зерна. Investigations took place in the Moscow region in 2014 2016. Winter hardiness of winter triticale is the main adaptive property that determines the crop yield in the region. Unfavorable conditions of overwintering can lead to the death of tillering node, which inevitably causes the death of plants. Tillering node usually lies at a depth of 1.5 2.0 cm below the soil surface. In some cases, the lower tillering node is formed it develops from the axillary bud of the coleoptile and lies at the depth of the seeding. In case of death of the normal tillering node, the lower node provides better plant safety and reduced thinning of crops. The research is concerned with the searching samples of winter triticale with a high content of double tillering nodes, the assessment of the association of this feature with the safety of plants for spring and grain yield. It was explored the effect of this trait on the overwintering and grain yield covering 43 varieties of winter hexaploid triticale in the Central region of the NonChernozem zone. Meteorological conditions in the years of research varied: winter in 2014 2015 was favorable for overwintering triticale plants in 2015 2016 thaws were observed, which negatively affected the safety of some varieties. It was shown that increased content of plants with two tillering nodes has a positive impact on the triticale overwintering. This trait does not directly influence crop yield, but a positive trend was revealed. This makes it possible to select forms that combine high adaptability and grain yield.

A Feedback Approach for QoS-Enhanced MAC in Wireless Sensor Network

WSN as well as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) has demands for QoS provision and differentiated service. The various types of data, such as video, voice, and network management, need to be periodically or best-effect transmitted. Since MAC layer forces the final physical medium accessing, it is the best choice to implement the QoS support for efficiency. This paper addresses the problem of QoS support in WSN from a renewed view of control theory and proposes FD-MAC architecture. By means of CSMA/CA, FD-MAC dynamically adjusts contention widow size according to the MAC frames’ priorities and their actual QoS metrics. The architecture can be modeled as a linear time-invariant system by system identification, and Least-Beat controller is designed to drive the system output to the desired value, which means the ratio of actual QoS metrics can be controlled to a prefixed value. The higher priorities enjoy a comparatively lower node-to-node delay while the lower priorities can still operate without being oversacrificed.

A Power Control Algorithm Based on SNR for Ad Hoc Networks

As for Ad Hoc networks is a method which using power control technology to improve the network energy consumption, with the situation of effectively reduce energy consumption but seriously decline of network throughput on the basis of power control algorithm. This paper presents a kind of distributed transmission power control MAC protocol (DTPMP) based on signal to noise ratio (SNR). The simulation results showed that mate lower node energy consumption in the first mate, while maintaining higher throughput performance of the network.

(208) Production of Double-stemmed Grafted Tomato Plug Seedlings

Cultivation of grafted tomatoes has been sharply increased in recent years. Millions of grafted seedlings were grown in California as well as other parts of the world, and the need for high quality grafted tomato seedlings is also rapidly growing. Since the price of grafted plug seedlings are 3–4 times higher than the nongrafted ones, production and commercial distribution of double-stemmed plugs, even though slightly more expensive than the single-stemmed plugs, will greatly cut down the expenses needed to purchase grafted seedlings. Several methods of producing double-stemmed grafted plug seedlings are presented and the advantages as well as the disadvantages of these methods will be fully discussed. Brushing or painting lanolin paste containing thidiazuron at 100–500 ppm to the lower node of the decapitated scion is effective in fast-growing cherry, whereas inducing double stems from the cotyledonary node of grafted scions appeared to be more practical for ordinary tomatoes for table use. Methods of grafting, especially in relation with machine grafting, will be discussed.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis × globulus hybrids

Controlled pollination techniques were used to produce hybrids between Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus, with E. camaldulensis as the female parent. There were substantial barriers to hybridisation, with a 28% reduction in the percentage capsule set, a 78% reduction in the number of seeds produced per capsule, a 99% increase in the number of inviable abnormal seedlings and overall a 92% reduction in the number of normal seedlings produced per pollinated flower compared with outcrossed E. camaldulensis. The number of normal seedlings per pollinated flower varied from 0.1 to 4.7 and was most strongly affected by the source of the pollen. Selfing E. camaldulensis showed it to be partially self-incompatible, with a 29% reduction in the percentage capsule set and an 86% reduction in the number of seeds produced per capsule compared with outcrosses. One reciprocal combination of E. camaldulensis clones originating from Erudina and Broken Hill gave a very low seed�set.Cotyledon shape of the E. camaldulensis × globulus hybrids was intermediate between the two parents and an excellent way of checking that seedlings were hybrids. Shape and size of juvenile leaves did not distinguish the hybrids, but hybrid leaves started to change from being opposite and sessile to alternate and petiolate at a lower node than in the E. globulus parent, although not as quickly as for E. camaldulensis. In adult trees, although the hybrid leaves were longer than leaves of the parent species, it was difficult to identify the hybrids in the field on this basis. Flowers of the hybrid were more similar to E. camaldulensis, being in pedicellate clusters of 3–6. Flower size was intermediate between the parents (operculum height and width, stamen and style length). Fruits were also intermediate in size but valves were exserted as in E. camaldulensis. Hybrids were fertile and overlapped in flowering time with E. camaldulensis, so that if planted adjacent to natural stands of E. camaldulensis, some introgression may occur.

Comparison of plants derived from cuttings, node cultures, and ethyl methanesulfonate treated node cultures of bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)

Plants derived from node cultures of six genotypes of bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were compared under field conditions with plants propagated by stem cuttings. Culture- and cutting-derived plants flowered at the same time, but for most other traits there was a strong interaction of genotype and propagation method. Plants from node culture were either similar to those from cuttings or else flowered at a lower node, were shorter, had reduced leaflet length:width ratio, lower pollen stainability, and (or) reduced seed yield. Number of stems per plant was increased for all genotypes and three genotypes had higher forage yield in the 1st year after node culture propagation. On average, this increase in yield and stem number persisted in the 2nd year. Treatment of node cultures with the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate prior to plant regeneration delayed shoot development and induced a number of chlorophyll-deficient variants, but seldom affected any of the quantifiable plant traits. Most of the observed differences between cutting-derived and node culture derived plants were likely due to hormonal or epigenetic effects of the culture system.

Plant-breeding studies in leguminous forage crops III. Preliminary studies on the developmental physiology of English stocks of beans (Vicia faba L.)

1. The reaction of spring and winter types of field beans and of Windsor broad beans to artificial vernalization treatments and to successional field sowing has been studied.2. The broad bean type came into flower earlier and at a lower node on the stem than any of the field bean types, and this was not affected by either vernalization treatments or successional sowing.3. The field bean types flowered at a low node when sown in winter, but in summer sowings the level of the first flowering node was much higher; the response of the winter types was more extreme than that of the spring types.4. In the summer sowings vernalized plants came into flower earlier and at a lower node than unvernalized, but in the winter sowings both vernalized and unvernalized material flowered at an equally low node.5. A convention for naming the different stems contributing to the yield was evolved, and using this it was shown that the date of sowing affected the stems produced.6. The survival of plants in the field was not found to be affected by vernalization previous to sowing.

Physiological Genetics of Pisum

The grafting of genetically early scions of Pisum sativum var. Massey on genetically late stocks (var. Telephone) leads to flowering at a higher node. In reciprocal grafts, the scions of the late variety flower at an earlier (lower) node.