Co-infection by Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens Alters Disease Responses Among Diverse Alfalfa Varieties

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis (Fom) and Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) are the major soil-borne fungal pathogens that pose severe threats to commercial alfalfa production in China. However, the effects of Fom and Rs co-infection on alfalfa and whether co-infection alters disease resistance responses among diverse varieties remain unknown. A collection of 80 alfalfa varieties (Medicago sativa) originated from seven countries were used to study the effects of Fom and Rs co-infection on alfalfa and host resistance responses. The co-infection resulted in more severe disease and reductions in growth and biomass allocation across varieties in comparison with either single infection by Fom or Rs; in addition, root morphology was much more strongly altered by the co-infection. Principal component analysis based on all plant traits showed that varieties under the co-infection were related to the single infection by Rs, being separated from Fom, and hierarchical clustering found differential response patterns among varieties upon co-infection compared with either single infection, with most varieties being highly susceptible to the co-infection. Furthermore, varieties that were most resistant to either single infection were not effective to co-infection, and there was no individual variety with resistance to both pathogens singly and co-infected. This study reveals for the first time that the co-infection by Fom and Rs alters disease resistance responses among diverse alfalfa varieties and provides useful information for developing alfalfa varieties with resistance to the co-occurrence of different soil-borne pathogens.

Research of Malting Procedures for Winter Hard Wheat Varieties—Part II

This paper examines the influence of malting process parameters on the wheat malt quality obtained from the assortment of winter red wheat. For this assortment, previous research established that strongly restrictive and strongly intensive malting processes are not suitable, that is, they do not significantly improve the quality of the obtained wheat malts, and in some segments, they even disturb it. Therefore, modifications were introduced to both procedures, and malting was performed with moderately intensive procedure D and moderately restrictive procedure E. Starting wheat, indicators of micromalting process success, and finished wheat malts were analyzed. The results showed that the moderately restrictive malting process (E) significantly improves not only the values for soluble N for almost all tested varieties, but also the values of cytolytic degradation success (wort viscosity, filtration time), and extract yield. The moderately intensive procedure did not improve the determined indicators; for many varieties, the modification even resulted in poorer values. Furthermore, the moderately restrictive procedure allows a strong individual response of a particular variety to the process conditions during malting, which is very important for the assessment of the malting potential for a particular variety. Namely, when assessing the actual malting quality of an individual variety, it is necessary to include amylolytic indicators and indicators of enzymatic strength. In this way, a group of varieties were established which had an increased initial share of total N (varieties no. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 16). These varieties, by this procedure, gave the best quality wheat malts in the entire examined assortment.

Water Stress Estimation in Vineyards from Aerial SWIR and Multispectral UAV Data

Mapping water stress in vineyards, at the parcel level, is of significant importance for supporting crop management decisions and applying precision agriculture practices. In this paper, a novel methodology based on aerial Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) data is presented, towards the estimation of water stress in vineyards at canopy scale for entire parcels. In particular, aerial broadband spectral data were collected from an integrated SWIR and multispectral instrumentation, onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Concurrently, in-situ leaf stomatal conductance measurements and supplementary data for radiometric and geometric corrections were acquired. A processing pipeline has been designed, developed, and validated, able to execute the required analysis, including data pre-processing, data co-registration, reflectance calibration, canopy extraction and water stress estimation. Experiments were performed at two viticultural regions in Greece, for several vine parcels of four different vine varieties, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Syrah and Xinomavro. The performed qualitative and quantitative assessment indicated that a single model for the estimation of water stress across all studied vine varieties was not able to be established (r2 < 0.30). Relatively high correlation rates (r2 > 0.80) were achieved per variety and per individual variety clone. The overall root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimated canopy water stress was less than 29 mmol m−2 s−1, spanning from no-stress to severe canopy stress levels. Overall, experimental results and validation indicated the quite high potentials of the proposed instrumentation and methodology.

Beneficial effect of ezetimibe-atorvastatin combination therapy in patients with a mutation in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene

Background Use of ezetimibe on top of statin therapy has been shown to be effective to reduce LDL cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic patients. However, little is known regarding the individual variety of the effectiveness of ezetimibe. We hypothesized that hypercholesterolemic patients with a mutation in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene exhibit better response to ezetimibe than those without, based on the fact that ezetimibe is hyper-effective for in patients with sitosterolemia caused by ABCG5 or ABCG8 genetic mutations. Methods Electronical medical record were reviewed in a total of 321 hypercholesterolemic patients (baseline LDL cholesterol = 192 ± 46 mg/dl) prescribed ezetimibe 10 mg daily on top of atorvastatin 10 mg daily who had undergone genetic analysis of ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene in our institute since 2006 to 2017. Pathogenicity of the variants were determined using standard variant filtering schema, including minor allele frequency, in silico annotation tools. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of ABCG5 or ABCG8 mutation. We compared the percent reduction of LDL cholesterol as well as the achieved LDL cholesterol levels between these 2 groups. Results We found 26 (8%) individuals who exhibit deleterious mutations in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene. Baseline characteristics under the atorvastatin 10 mg therapy were comparable in age, gender, and LDL cholesterol level between 2 groups. Under these conditions, percent reduction of LDL cholesterol in mutation positive group was significantly larger than that of mutation negative group (28 ± 16% vs. 39 ± 21%, p < 0.05). As a result, the achieved LDL cholesterol level in mutation positive group was significantly lower than that of mutation negative group (87 ± 29 mg/dl vs. 72 ± 26% mg/dl, p < 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that ezetimibe-atorvastatin combination therapy might be more beneficial in hypercholesterolemic patients with a mutation in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene.

P6201Beneficial effect of ezetimibe-atorvastatin combination therapy in patients with a mutation in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene

Background Use of ezetimibe on top of statin therapy has been shown to be effective to reduce LDL cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic patients. However, little is known regarding the individual variety of the effectiveness of ezetimibe. We hypothesized that hypercholesterolemic patients with a mutation in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene exhibit better response to ezetimibe that those without, based on the fact that ezetimibe is hyper-effective for in patients with sitosterolemia caused by ABCG5 or ABCG8 genetic mutations. Methods Electronical medical record were reviewed in a total of 321 hypercholesterolemic patients (baseline LDL cholesterol = 192±46 mg/dl) prescribed ezetimibe 10 mg daily on top of atorvastatin 10mg daily who had undergone genetic analysis of ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene in our institute since 2006 to 2017. Pathogenicity of the variants were determined using standard variant filtering schema, including minor allele frequency, in silico annotation tools. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of ABCG5 or ABCG8 mutation. We compared the percent reduction of LDL cholesterol as well as the achieved LDL cholesterol levels between these 2 groups. Results We found 26 (8%) individuals who exhibit deleterious mutations in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene. Baseline characteristics under the atorvastatin 10mg therapy were comparable in age, gender, and LDL cholesterol level between 2 groups. Under these conditions, percent reduction of LDL cholesterol in mutation positive group was significantly larger than that of mutation negative group (28±16% vs. 39±21%, p<0.05). As a result, the achieved LDL cholesterol level in mutation positive group was significantly lower than that of mutation negative group (87±29 mg/dl vs. 72±26% mg/dl, p<0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that ezetimibe-atorvastatin combination therapy might be more beneficial in hypercholesterolemic patients with a mutation in ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene.

Weeds and weed control in forage pea: A Review

A major limitation factor for the low productivity in peas is weeding. A particularly critical moment in the race between the crop and weeds is the early period of growth and development. Given the influence of the varying climatic and soil conditions on the diversity and density of weed species, a differentiated approach is needed to remove them by using chemical and agrotechnical means. Studies on the varietal susceptibility to herbicides in forage pea in Bulgaria are very limited due to the fact that varietal diversity was not available in the recent past. The objective of the paper is to present a short analysis of the studies relating to weeding in peas and the control of the more important weed groups in it as well as to establish an individual approach in applying agrotechnical and chemical methods for weed control in growing different pea varieties of winter and spring forms. The use of pea varieties different in biological type as well as the possibilities to use varieties from the European variety list in modern agriculture determines the need to test the reaction of each individual variety not only to the herbicides recommended for this crop, but also to new herbicidal preparations and doses. Determining the composition of weed associations, applying suitable herbicides and herbicide mixtures in weed control of pea, combined with proper agrotechnics, is a prerequisite for optimizing the biological productive potential of the crop.

”Mi en ossaas sanoa mitem mie näin”

This article approaches senses as physiological but culturally organised phenomena. It analyses archived Finnish and Sámi narratives, which interpret unusual sensory perceptions according to belief tradition. Supernormal interpretation is triggered not only by the exceptionality of the perception but also by circumstances. Collective belief tradition connects the supernormal to the margins of social everyday activity: to marginal times and places and to antisocial behaviour such as norm breaches. Perception often combines two or more senses but the existence of supernormal beings in this world is only partial: they are heard but not seen or seen but intangible. People sometimes discuss their unusual perceptions with others but the interpretation may remain open or contradictory. Descriptions of unusual sensations challenge our cultural division of senses to sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. Yet they confirm that only those five are easy to verbalise. Internal sensations such as pain and pressure seem more difficult to explain. The experiences often mix mental and physical feelings and include inability to sense or act. Tradition offers a special vocabulary for certain states caused by supernormal beings. Those words cover the cause of the state but leave room for an individual variety of experience.

REFLEKSI EKSISTENSIALISME DALAM ILMU HUKUM (SUATU UPAYA HUMANISASI TERHADAP TEORI ILMU HUKUM)

The existentialism of philosophy has concern and admits the uniqueness of the human being. The effort of the theorititation of law should be back to the good of human being aspect as individual and also the community. Uniforming to the individual thinking in universal term as well as in positivism theory (law) will have given a fence for the human being freedom like represent of the denial in the existing individual variety, so that the existence becoming limited by human meaning. Theory compilation for social fact that perceived have peep out the regular nature, it is representing just a few of the human being side that have the richness of value. Kata Kunci: humanisme, alienasi, eksistensialisme, ilmu hukum