A Review of Government Schemes for Pregnant and Lactating Women in India

India’s current Maternal and Child Health Nutrition (MCHN) statistics reflect poorly of the country’s existing government programme. Experts recognize the phase of pregnancy and lactation as a critical window of opportunity for influencing the MCHN status. A clear identification and clinical assessment of government schemes/ programme that may have an impact on pregnant and lactating women can assist in identifying the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats in these interventions. The objective of the study was to review the government schemes for pregnant and lactating women. A review of all government programme and policies in areas of MCHN was undertaken using multiple strategies namely electronic reference libraries, journals, research papers and reports. The finding of paper identified the strength and weakness of government schemes and it proposes a coping strategy which might be useful for the policy makers in making the programme more enriching in order to implement the program with full potential. The threat analysis of these interventions has shown scope of improvement and areas of learning. The Indian government has implemented a number of measures that have a significant impact on pregnant and lactating women. However interventions focusing on health care needs, immunization, financial benefits are needed to increase the nutrition component. The necessity of nutrition was solely recognized in terms of providing adequate food, with no emphasis on macro and micro nutrients. This is an area where intervention should be strengthened. Index Terms: Government health schemes, Lactating mothers, pregnant women, Nutritional status, SWOT analysis.

78 Opportunities and Limitations of Modeling and Data Analytics for Precision Livestock Farming

Precision livestock farming (PLF) involves the use of sensors that captures large amounts of real-time information at the building, herd or animal level, which are later processed to control the system. Data processing can be accomplished using mathematical models (MM), artificial intelligence algorithms (AI) or a combination of these and other methods. The choice of the method must be made according to the volume of data to be processed, its nature and the relationship between the available information and the desired control of the system. Several components of PLF such as precision nutrition, early disease detection, animal welfare among others may require sophisticated data processing methods. MM is today the preferred method to estimate nutrient requirements in the precision nutrition component of PLF. Conventional MM estimate average population responses using historical population information. Important limitations of these models are the assumption that all the individuals of the population have the same response to a given nutrient provision and that they have not been developed for real-time estimations using up-to-date available information. Therefore, MM have to be developed specifically for PLF and operate in real-time at individual or small group level, considering the between and within-animal variation. Growth patterns, nutrient utilization and behavior vary among animals and herds. There are opportunities to combine data-driven AI with knowledge-driven MM to control more complex PLF components. AI thrive in large complex datasets, where establishing connections can be otherwise difficult due to data complexity, volume and where flexibility is needed to process real-time data from individuals. In contrast, knowledge-driven MM can simplify complex biological systems based on well-established concepts and information. In both cases, PLF models must be flexible enough to consider changes over time for the same animal or herd, and among animals and herds, acknowledging the method limitation while using its strength.

Cultural adaptation of health interventions including a nutrition component in Indigenous peoples: a systematic scoping review

Background Indigenous populations throughout the world experience poorer health outcomes than non-indigenous people. The reasons for the health disparities are complex and due in part to historical treatment of Indigenous groups through colonisation. Evidence-based interventions aimed at improving health in this population need to be culturally safe. However, the extent to which cultural adaptation strategies are incorporated into the design and implementation of nutrition interventions designed for Indigenous peoples is unknown. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the cultural adaptation strategies used in the delivery of nutrition interventions for Indigenous populations worldwide. Methods Five health and medical databases were searched to January 2020. Interventions that included a nutrition component aimed at improving health outcomes among Indigenous populations that described strategies to enhance cultural relevance were included. The level of each cultural adaptation was categorised as evidential, visual, linguistic, constituent involving and/or socio-cultural with further classification related to cultural sensitivity (surface or deep). Results Of the 1745 unique records screened, 98 articles describing 66 unique interventions met the inclusion criteria, and were included in the synthesis. The majority of articles reported on interventions conducted in the USA, Canada and Australia, were conducted in the previous 10 years (n = 36) and focused on type 2 diabetes prevention (n = 19) or management (n = 7). Of the 66 interventions, the majority included more than one strategy to culturally tailor the intervention, combining surface and deep level adaptation approaches (n = 51), however, less than half involved Indigenous constituents at a deep level (n = 31). Visual adaptation strategies were the most commonly reported (n = 57). Conclusion This paper is the first to characterise cultural adaptation strategies used in health interventions with a nutrition component for Indigenous peoples. While the majority used multiple cultural adaptation strategies, few focused on involving Indigenous constituents at a deep level. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of cultural adaptation strategies for specific health outcomes. This could be used to inform co-design planning and implementation, ensuring more culturally appropriate methods are employed.

Closing the Nutrition Impact Gap Using Program Impact Pathway Analyses to Inform the Need for Program Modifications in Mexico's Conditional Cash Transfer Program

ABSTRACTBackgroundMexico's Prospera-Oportunidades-Progresa Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCT-POP) included the distribution of fortified food supplements (FFS) for pregnant and lactating women and young children. Rigorous evaluations showed significant impacts on nutrition outcomes but also substantial gaps in addressing nutrition problems.ObjectivesTo highlight the program design-related and implementation-related gaps and challenges that motivated further research and the eventual design and roll-out of a modified nutrition component for CCT-POP.MethodsWe used a program impact pathway approach to highlight the extent and quality of implementation of CCT-POP, and its impact on nutrition outcomes. We drew on previously published and new primary data, organized into 3 sources: impact evaluations, studies to inform reformulation of the FFS, and a longitudinal follow-up study using qualitative and quantitative methods to document FFS use and the dietary intake of women and children.ResultsDespite positive impacts, a high prevalence of malnutrition persisted in the population. Coverage and use of health services improved, but quality of care was lacking. Consumption of FFS among lactating women was irregular. Micronutrient intake improved among children who consumed FFS, but the pattern of use limited frequency and quantity consumed. Substantial diversity in the prevalence of undernutrition was documented, as was an increased risk of overweight and obesity among women.ConclusionsThree key design and implementation challenges were identified. FFS, although well accepted for children, had limited potential to substantially modify the quality of children's diets because of the pattern of use in the home. The communications strategy was ineffective and ill-suited to its objective of motivating FFS use. Finally, the program with its common design across all regions of Mexico was not well adapted to the special needs of some subgroups, particularly indigenous populations. The studies reviewed in this paper motivated additional research and the eventual redesign of the nutrition component.

KOMPOSISI IODIUM PADA PRODUK MANISAN RUMPUT LAUT

Rumput laut jenis Kappaphycus alvarezii digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam penelitian ini. Rumput laut ini dipotong dengan ukuran 5 dan 15 cm. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat seberapa banyak nutrisi iodium yang hilang selama proses pengolahan manisan pada 2 ukuran potong rumput laut yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan pola percobaan faktorial 1x2, kombinasi perlakuan diulang sebanyak 2 kali sehingga diperoleh 4 satuan percobaan. Uji ortogonal kontras digunakan untuk melihat apakah ada perbedaan antara dua jenis ukuran potong. Pengamatan dilakukan selama proses pencucian, perendaman dan terhadap produk manisan. Tahapan pengamatan sebagai berikut: pencucian (rumput laut dan air cucian), 3 kali perendaman (rumput laut dan air rendaman) dan dalam bentuk produk manisan. Analisa data menunjukkan bahwa proses pencucian dan perendaman mempengaruhi komposisi iodium pada rumput laut. Kadar iodium K. alvarezii mengalami penurunan selama proses pencucian dan perendaman juga pada pengolahan manisan. Hasil uji ortogonal kontras menunjukkan ukuran potong tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar iodium manisan rumput laut. Secara umum, proses pengolahan manisan rumput laut tidak menyebabkan kehilangan komponen nutrisi iodium yang berarti. Kappaphycus alvarezii were used as a raw material of this research. Those were sliced into two different sizes, 5 cm and 15 cm, in order to determine how much nutrition was lost for the two different size and as well as how slice size that affected iodine composition in the final seaweed sweet product. The completely random design with a 1 by 2 factorial experimental pattern, treatment combinations were repeated two times with total of 4 experimental units. To compare the composition of iodine in two size of seaweed used an orthogonal contrast test was performed. The sequence of observation were followed: washing (seaweed and washing water), 3 times of soaking (seaweed and soaking water), and the production of seaweed sweet. Analysis in iodine content in K. alvarezii 1.2% respectively and then showed a decrease after the final soaking process, i.e. 0.45% and 0.7% respectively. This means that more iodine composition was split into the washing water by K. alvarezii 0.7% respectively. The result of analysis variance on iodine content did not find an interaction between two seaweed slice sizes. Orthogonal contrast test showed that there slice size had no effect on sweet iodine content. Seaweed have the necessary characteristics to be used as raw material for processed seaweed products, especially because of their iodine composition. Changes in the composition of iodine during preparation processes do not constitute significant nutrition component losses.

Consumption of Yogurt in Canada and Its Contribution to Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality Among Canadians

The current study utilizes a nationally representative nutrition survey data (Canadian Community Health Survey 2015, nutrition component, n = 20,487) in order to evaluate patterns of yogurt consumption among Canadians. Overall, 20% of Canadians have reportedly consumed yogurt on a given day in 2015. Higher prevalence of yogurt consumption was noted among children aged 2–5 years old (47%) when compared to adults aged 19–54 years (18%). When the prevalence of yogurt consumption at the regional level in Canada was assessed, Quebec had the most consumers of yogurt (25%) compared to other regions, namely the Atlantic (19%), Ontario (18%), Prairies (19%) and British Columbia (20%). Yogurt consumers reported consuming higher daily intakes of several key nutrients including carbohydrates, fibre, riboflavin, vitamin C, folate, vitamin D, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium when compared to yogurt non-consumers. Additionally, the diet quality, measured using NRF 9.3 scoring method, was higher among yogurt consumers compared to non-consumers. Nearly 36% of Canadians who meet the dietary guidelines for milk and alternative servings from the Food Guide Canada (2007) reported consuming yogurt. Lastly, no significant difference in BMI was noted among yogurt consumers and non-consumers. Overall, yogurt consumers had a higher intake of key nutrients and had a better diet quality.

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Sumber Biochar dan Berbagai Pupuk Kandang terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi jagung hitam (Zea mays L.)

Black corn has its advantage compare to regular corn due to the nutrition component. This could lead the increase of demant to this corn variety. The Effect of providing various biochar sources and various manure on the growthand production of Zea mays black maiz L. The study used factorial randomized block design with two factors, namely the provision of various biochar sources which was combined into several organic fertilizer. Parameters observed were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, wet production weight/sample using klobot, wet production weight/plot using klobot,wet production weight/sample without klobot, wet production weight/plot without klobot, dru production weigh of pipil/sample, dry weight of production of onehundred grain pipil. The results of the study showed that the effect of giving various biochar of rice husk corn cobs of candlenut shells did not signficantly affect all observation parameters and various manure, namely cows, chickens and goats also did not significantly affect all observed parameters.